1. Acids and Bases Chapter 14

2. Acids and Bases Water is the product of all neutralization reactions between an acid and a base H 2 O (l) ⇌ H + (aq) + OH - (aq) The Arrhenius Definitions. An acid contains H and forms H + (proton) When that H + is donated to H 2 O it forms H 3 O + (hydronium). A base contains OH and forms OH - (hydroxide). 2

3. Brønsted-Lowery The Brønsted-Lowery definitions, the proton transfer: An acid is a proton (H + ) donor. A base is a proton (H + ) acceptor. which is an acid/base? HF + H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O + + F - NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH 4 + + OH - 3

4. Follow the proton HF + H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O + + F - NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH 4 + + OH - What about the reverse reaction? H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

5. Conjugate acids and bases When you run the reverse reaction you find the products are also acids and bases. The acids and bases that are formed are called conjugate acids or bases H 2 O + HF ⇌ H 3 O + + F - base acid conjugate acid conjugate base NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH 4 + + OH - base acid CA CB

6. Label Acid, Base, Conjugate Acid, Conjugate Base HClO 3 + H 2 O ⇌ ClO 3 - +H 3 O + A B CB CA ClO - + H 2 O ⇌ HClO + OH - B A CA CB HSO 4 - + H 2 O ⇌ SO 4 2- +H 3 O + A B CB CA LiOH + H 2 O ⇌ Li + + H 2 O + OH - B A CA CB

7. Ammonia Smell NH 3 + H 2 O ⇌ NH 4 + +OH - Ammonia is a gas with a distinct odor Ammonium and hydroxide are both odorless. What will happen if you add an acid or a base to this equilibrium? If base is added to the solution the equilibrium will shift to the left so you will smell ammonia, if hydroxide is removed (acid is added), it will shift to the right to so you won’t smell anything.

8. Pet “Stain” Problem Urine has ammonia in it. Most cleansers are basic. After cleaning, we still leaves small amounts behind. If it is small amount of ammonia and a basic cleanser the equilibrium will be shifted to the ammonia side so some thing with a great sense of smell (dog) could pick it up. A slightly acidic cleanser shifts the equilibrium to the ammonium side to solve this problem

9. Conjugate acids and bases … Conjugate acids and bases determine if an acid or base is strong or weak. If the conjugate acid/base readily reacts to run the reverse reaction it is a weak acid/base. If it does not react in the reverse reaction the acid or base is strong.

10. Strong acids AcidformulaAcidFormula Hydrochloric acid HClSulfuric Acid H 2 SO 4 Hydrobromic acid HBrNitric AcidHNO 3 Hydriodic acid HIPerchloric Acid HClO 4 Chloric Acid HClO 3

11. Acid Equilibrium constant For some acid “A” HA (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + A - (aq) K a = [H 3 O + ] [ A - ] [HA] It is also written H A ⇌ H + + A - K a = [H + ] [ A - ] [HA]

12. Problems Acid Dissociation (Ionization ) Reactions. Write the simple dissociation (ionization) reaction for each of the following acids. Then write the K a expression Hydrochloric acid Acetic acid The ammonium ion The annilium ion (C 6 H 5 NH 3 + ) The hydrated aluminum(III) ion [Al(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+

13. Acid Strength Strong acids dissociate completely in water. At equilibrium, Q = K a >> 1 because [HA] is approx. 0. Weak acids are mostly undissociated. At equilibrium, Q = K a << 1 because [H 3 O + ] and [ A - ] are very small. The smaller the K a value, the weaker the acid.

14. K a values of some weak acids 14

15. Strong acids Strong acids are not an equilibrium reaction. HCl + H 2 O  H 3 O + + Cl - K a cannot be accurately determined in water because the reaction lies so far to the right that [HCl] is too small to measure. That is true for all strong acids, so K a is normally only used for weak acids.

16. Water Water is a stronger base than the conjugate acid of a strong base. Water would be weaker than the conjugate acid of a weak base Remember water can act as an acid or a base. Amphoteric substances, like water, act as either an acid or a base

17. The Autoionization of Water and the Ion-Product (Dissociation) K w is the constant for Water H 2 O (l) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq) At 25 o C K c = K w = [H 3 O + ] [OH - ] = 1.0 x 10 -14 if [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ] = 1.0 x 10 -7 M if [H 3 O + ] > [OH - ] = Acidic. if [H 3 O + ] < [OH - ] = Basic. if [H 3 O + ] = [OH - ] = Neutral.

18. Calculating [H 3 O + ] and [OH - ] Calculate [H 3 O + ] or [OH - ] as required for each of the following solutions at 25 o C, and state whether the solution is neutral, acidic, or basic. 1.0 x10 -5 M OH - 2.3 x10 -7 M OH - 10.0 M H 3 O +

19. Problem At 60 o C, the value of K w is 1.0 x10 -13. Using LeChatelier’s principle, predict whether the reaction H 2 O (l) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq) is exothermic or endothermic. Calculate [H 3 O + ] and [OH - ] in a neutral solution at 60 o C.

20. pH pH = -log[H 3 O + ] where neutral = 7.00 acidic < 7.00 [H 3 O + ] = 10 -pH basic >7.00 pOH = -log[OH - ] pH + pOH = 14 pK = -log K

21. Sig Figs and pH The number of decimal places in the log value, pH value, is equal to the number of significant figures in the number that we took the logarithm of, concentration. Calculate pH and pOH for each of the following solutions. 2.7 x 10 -3 M OH - 3.4 x 10 -5 M H 3 O + 1.54 x 10 -10 M OH -

22. pH problem The pH of a sample of human blood was measured to be 7.41 at 25 o C. Calculate pOH, [H 3 O + ], and [OH - ] for the sample.