1. Industrialization and the “Gilded Age”

2. Technological Innovations
Identify the following:
Bessemer Process
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone
Thomas Edison
Elias Howe
Elisha Otis
Christopher Sholes
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Transcontinental Railroad Free Enterprise System National Market Corporation Shareholder

3. American industrialization proceeded at a rapid pace in the years after the Civil War.
Steam and electricity replaced human and animal strength
Iron replaced wood and steel replaced iron

4. Bessemer Process
Bessemer Process made the production of steel ore economical.
Before 1 Day =5 tons
After 15 minutes = 5 tons

5. Steam Power
Powered textile mills
Pneumatic drills were able to cut deeper into the earth
Coal mining
1860 – 14 million tons
1884 – 100 million tons

6. Oil Petroleum products were first used for lighting and lubrication.
Internal combustion engine developed at the end of the nineteenth century was used gasoline to run cars and the first airplanes.

7. Commercial Use of Electricity
First used as means of communication.
Thomas Edison developed the first light bulb
Electricity would be used to power streetcars, subway trains, refrigerators and elevators

8. Growth of Railroads
During the Civil War a northern route for the transcontinental railroad was agreed on.
Two groups of laborers worked on the rail line
One from California to the East and the other from the Missouri to the West
Built by Chinese immigrants
Paid $26 – 35$ a month
Met at Promontory Point, Utah
Other routes soon followed.

9. Development of a National Market
Linking railroads, canals, telegraphs and telephones led to the creation of a national market.
Shipping was much less expensive
New methods of selling were developed
Department stores
Chain stores
Mail-order houses.
More advertising.

10. Population Growth Statistics 1850 – 23 million Americans
Caused by birth rate and constant stream of Europeans
Demand for goods increased
No shortage of labor
But also placed increasing demands on resources.

11. New Types of Business Organization
Before the Civil War most businesses were owned by individuals.
After the Civil War corporations were formed
Corporations are charted by the government and recognized as an individual person
Corporations issue stocks to individual investors making them share holders.

12. Free Enterprise System
Read the section on the Free Enterprise System on p Be prepared to discuss.

13. Review Discussion
To what extent did technology, railroads, the free enterprise system, the rise of national markets, and population each play a role in making the United States an industrial giant. Support your answer with historical evidence. Create a chart or Venn diagram listing the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of business organization.

14. Entrepreneurship and philanthropy
Terms: Entrepreneur “Gilded Age” “Captains of Industry” Robber Barons” Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller Monopoly

15. Entrepreneur
Person or group that forms a business in order to make a profit.
Large scale production let to lower prices and improved quality.
Many entrepreneurs during the period amassed a large amount of wealth
Because of their lavish lifestyles, the period became known as the “Gilded Age”.

16. “Captains of Industry” vs “Robber Barons”
Supporters called them “Captains of Industry”.
Opponents called them “Robber Barons”.

17. Andrew Carnegie Started as poor Irish immigrant
Became head of the Carnegie Steel Corporation in 1892
Developed a monopoly by undercutting the competition.
Owned all the methods of production (Vertical Consolidation)
Spent his later days in acts of philanthropy and gave away $350 million to build libraries and endow universities.

18. John D. Rockefeller Monopolized the oil industry
Oil Refining (turns crude oil into useful products) in Cleveland , Ohio
Used to make kerosene to burn in lamps in place of whale oil.
Company became a “trust” and then a monopoly that controlled the entire industry.
In 1892 government forced him to break his company up into smaller units.
Like Carnegie gave much of his fortune away.

19. Andrew Carnegie
Use your text book or your electronic devices to gather as much information as you can about Andrew Carnegie. Create bullet points of the facts that are relative to the industrialization of America.
View and discuss the video: “Homestead Strike” from the History Channel series 10 DAYS THAT UNEXPECTEDLY CHANGED AMERICA.
Study sheets will be provided.

20. Big Business Consolidation
Terms: Economic Depression Consolidate Laissez-faire Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Interstate Commerce Commission Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Free Enterprise Trust / Monopoly Conspiracy Complete the handout on the Pros and Cons of Big Business

21. Government Control of the Economy
At first the government did little to regulate big business (laissez- faire)
The government did:
Provide laws to protect property and enforce contracts.
Establish a system of patents to promote inventions.
Enact tariffs to help manufacturers
Most people wanted as little interference as possible . Felt it destroyed the concept of “Free Enterprise”.

22. Anti-competitive practices
Became so blatant that reformers called for legislation to remedy them.
This increased the government control of business.
For the first time business received rules.

23. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Farmers felt rates were unfair. Larger companies had better rates.
States had passed laws against it but the Supreme Court had declared them unconstitutional.
Only the U.S. Congress has the write to regulate interstate commerce.
Interstate Commerce Act
Prohibits unfair practices by railroads
Sets up the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the law
Landmark measure marks he first time that Congress stepped in to regulate business in America.

24. Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Purpose was to stop monopolies engaging in unfair practices that
prevented fair competition.
Marks a significant change in the attitude of Congress toward the abuses of big business.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Section 1:
“Every contract, combination in the form of a trust or otherwise a conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the states is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall engage in any combination or conspiracy declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony.”
Do you think this legislation helped or hindered the American economy? Explain your answer with logical reasoning and historical evidence.

25. The Conditions of Labor
Terms: Child Labor Labor Unions Knights of Labor AFL Samuel Gompers Strikes Homestead Strike, 1892 Terrence Powderly Closed shop Haymarket Affair

26. Working Conditions were bad
Long Hours
Low Wages
Poor Conditions
Boring and repetitive tasks
Child Labor
Lack of job security

27. Rise of Unions
As companies grew and the number of laborers increased, individual workers lost all bargaining power with employers.
Unions were formed to speak for the group and not the individual.
Strikes and other methods of protest were organized.
Owners like Andrew Carnegie shut down factories of hired immigrants in order to “break “ the union. (Homestead,1892)
Knights of Labor was first (Terrence Powderly) . Too loosely organized and fell apart.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) founded by Samuel Gompers in United workers in similar economic interests. Skilled and unskilled workers were represented in different groups..
AFL focused on changing the system to improve for workers.
By less than 5% of American workers were unionized.

28. Government’s attitude toward unions
Most government leaders favored business and opposed unions for a number of reasons:
Business leaders often contributed heavily to political campaign funds.
Felt that successful businesses resulted in economic prosperity.
Feared the disruptive effect of strikes on American economy.
Applied the Sherman Anti-trust Act against Labor Unions.
Public still believed in laissez-faire. Union activities were often associated with violence and radical ideas.