1. University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering Department of Architecture By : Islam Alassar Amaal Khawaja wala’ zaiter Supervision by : shereen Abd Rahman

2. Origins of Recent Urban Design Theory Urban Planning was introduce to place a growing body of theory and practice in suitably general geographical context. Urban: was a description of what had become a culture and life style rather than a particular geographical territory. Urban Planning could comfortably accommodate city, town and suburb, no matter how these were administratively defined or physically constituted.

3. Urban Renewal Theory – Basics Attempt to revitalize urban centers 1930s – 1970s, Championed by Robert Moses His view on urban planning: “Cities are for traffic.” Focused on economically depressed portions of cities, mainly in inner city slums Promoted the building of bridges, housing projects on large campuses, sometimes with open green spaces Segregation was socially and legally sanctioned Racial deed restrictions on housing

4. SSocietal Theories of Urban Design FFormal Theories of Urban Design EEnvironmental Theories of Urban Design Types of theories

5. Societal Theories of Urban Design: 1.The Garden City (Ebenezer Howard) 2.The Contemporary City(Le Corbusier) Formal Theories of Urban Design 1.Camillo Sitte ( City Planning According to Artistic Principles) 2.Aldo Rossi( Urban Artifacts (Architecture of the City)) 3.Colin Rowe & Fred Koetter (Collage) 4.Christopher Alexander Wholeness (A New Theory of Urban Design) Environmental Theories of Urban Design 1.Allan Jacobs & Donald Appleyard Livable Streets (Towards an Urban Design Manifesto) 2.Leon Krier ( Urban Quarters) 3.Congress for the New Urbanism (Charter of the) New Urbanism

7. Theory of change Provides an outcome-oriented framework for developing and assessing ideas. Examples: ‘We believe we can put 80% of suitable public land under food cultivation within 10 years by marrying garden design with edible planting and validate a new urban aesthetic and land use.’

8. The ‘Black Hole’ Theory of Highway Investment 1.Traffic Management Options Auto-restraint Road-pricing 2.Mass Transit Options Para-transit Options Non-Transportation

9. Urban Transportation Problems & Policy Urban Transportation Problems & Policy 1. Congestion 2.The ‘Black Hole’ Theory of Highway Investment 3.Traffic Management Options Auto-restraintRoad-pricing 4.Mass Transit Options Para-transit Options Non-Transportation Non-Transportation

10. 1. Congestion: Traffic Volumes (# of vehicles) Travel Time over a Link “Free flow” Volume Carrying Capacity What happens when one congested link backs up another? Eventually we get… “GRIDLOCK”

11. 2.The ‘Black Hole’ Theory of Highway Investment Street networks must be built for peak period loads But transportation/land use systems are dynamic If you make it easier to travel, people will travel longer distances Congestion Build More Capacity

12. 3.Traffic Management Options Low cost “solutions” to improve efficiency of existing infrastructure Suicide (Reversible) Lanes Suicide (Reversible) Lanes Turn restrictions at intersections Turn restrictions at intersections One-way streets One-way streets Better signing, signalization Better signing, signalization Traffic-light pacing systems Traffic-light pacing systems Stricter traffic enforcement Stricter traffic enforcement Delivery and truck bans Delivery and truck bans Ramp metering on freeways Ramp metering on freeways Bus pullouts Bus pullouts ISTEA: Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act Charges MPOs with developing Transportation System Management (TSM) plans Charges MPOs with developing Transportation System Management (TSM) plans

13. 3.Traffic Management Options: Auto Restraint Policies Different approach: Make auto travel harder, not easier → encourage use of alternative modes Downtown strategies: Eliminate parking Eliminate parking Mandate paid parking Mandate paid parking Close off streets Close off streets Pleasant pedestrian environment may actually increase retail sales Pleasant pedestrian environment may actually increase retail sales Göteborg, Sweden CBD Access Plan Ring Road for bypassing traffic

14. 3.Traffic Management Options: Auto-Restraint Policies Neighborhood Strategies: Traffic “Calming” Traffic islands Traffic islands Frequent stop signs Frequent stop signs One-way streets One-way streets One-lane streets One-lane streets Bollards Bollards Arterial Street: Through Traffic Berkeley, California: Bollard Slalom

15. 4.Mass Transit Options Three main types: a)Buses b)Rapid Rail Transit (RRT) c)Light Rail Transit (LRT)

16. 5.Para-transit Options Hybrid modes between personal and mass transit Door-to-door, demand-responsive Examples Taxis Taxis Carpools Carpools Van services Van services Dial-a-buses Dial-a-buses PRT: Personal Rapid Transit “People Movers” PRT: Personal Rapid Transit “People Movers” A Philippines’ “Jeepney” (Wikipedia photo) ULTRa, Heathrow Airport, London (Wikipedia Photo)

17. 6.Non-Transportation Transportation Solutions Alternative work schedules Telecommuting; e-shopping Better urban design

18. The space theory