1. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Origin of the Universe Cosmology study of the LARGE SCALE properties of universe origin evolution ultimate fate

2. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Big Bang Theory universe 12-14 billion years old basis –G–General Relativity gravity – time/space distortion –m–matter tells space how to curve –s–space tells matter how to move Mercury orbit & sun bending light –C–Cosmological Principle matter – homogeneous & isotropic –e–equally distributed –c–cosmic microwave background radiation

3. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Universe – The Beginning ~13.7 billion years ago Time space energy matter formed –f–from an infinitesimal singularity –e–expansion known as the “big bang” –t–the universe still expanding

4. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Nature of Universe due to Cosmological Principle –s–space/time distortion determined by matter –“–“critical density” of matter = 6 H atoms/m 3 THREE (3) Possible Configurations –m–matter > critical density “closed” with “positive curved” surface –m–matter = critical density “infinite” with “flat” surface –m–matter < critical density “infinite” with “negative curved” surface

5. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Universe - Evolution change w/time depends on –d–density (mass/volume) –p–pressure (force/unit area) small original volume expanded –i–is expansion slowing down due to gravity? –i–is it strong enough for a “collapse” (Big Crunch)? Types of Matter –R–Radiation (photons & neutrinos) large positive pressure - decelerate –B–Baryonic (protons, electrons, neutrons) no pressure –D–Dark (not yet observed) no pressure –D–Dark energy (bizarre matter) large negative pressure - accelerate

6. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Evidence for the Big Bang Expansion of Universe –E–E. Hubble’s observations in 1929 Red Shift of Light Doppler Effect –a–all stars moving away –“–“Hubble’s Expansion Law” Abundance of Light Elements (H, He, Li) –f–formed by fusion of protons & neutrons –n–nucleosynthesis Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation –P–Penzias & Wilson in 1965 –“–“echo” of Big Bang

7. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Expansion of Universe Hubble’s Observations –R–Red Shift light shifts to RED end of spectrum farther away /greater shift to RED –g–galaxies moving away from each other –s–speed proportional to distance Expanding Raisin Bread Model –b–behavior predicted by homogeneous universe

8. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) As gases cooled universe filled with radiation that is remnant of this heat loss –g–gamma rays “stretched” into microwaves found in microwave region as “noise” –E–Existence predicted by Gamow (1948) and Alpher and Herman (1950) –O–Observed by Penzias & Wilson (1965)

9. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio

10. Modified 20-Feb-09 by C. Ippolito Created by Dr. DiTullio