1. CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Principles
Structures
Two circuits
Pulmonary
Systemic
Fetal Circulation
Heart Details
Other details
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

2. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
What Does C-V System do?
Circulate blood throughout entire body for
Transport of oxygen to cells
Transport of CO2 away from cells
Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells
Movement of immune system components (cells, antibodies)
Transport of endocrine gland secretions
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

3. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
How does it do it?
Heart is pump
Arteries and veins are main tubes (plumbing)
Arteries Away from Heart
Veins to Heart
Diffusion happens in capillaries (oxygen, CO2, glucose diffuse in or out of blood)
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

4. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Overall Organization of System
Heart/Great Vessels--1 Route
Smaller aa. vv.--many routes (collateral circulation)
Capillaries—network where diffusion occurs
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

5. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Collateral Circulation
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

6. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Walls of Arteries and Veins
Tunica externa
Outermost layer
CT w/elastin and collagen
Strengthens, Anchors
Tunica media
Middle layer
Circular Smooth Muscle
Vaso-constriction/dilation
Tunica intima
Innermost layer
Endothelium
Minimize friction
Lumen
pg 546
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

7. Artery/Vein differences
Arteries (aa.)
Veins (vv.)
Direction of flow
Blood Away from Heart
Blood to Heart
Pressure
Higher
Lower
Walls
THICKER: Tunica media thicker than tunica externa
THINNER: Tunica externa thicker than tunica media
Lumen
Smaller
Larger
Valves
No valves
Valves (see next)
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

8. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

9. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Capillaries
Microscopic--one cell layer thick
Network
Bathed in extracellular matrix of areolar tissue
Entire goal of C-V system is to get blood into capillaries where diffusion takes place
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

10. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Two circulatory paths
Systemic
Pulmonary
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

11. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
GREAT VESSELS
Aorta
IVC, SVC
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Veins
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

12. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Heart Chambers and Valves
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

13. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Right Heart Chambers: Pulmonary Circuit
Right Atrium (forms most of posterior of heart)
Receives O2-poor blood from body via IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus
Ventral wall = rough Pectinate muscle
Fossa Ovalis- on interatrial septum, remnant of Foramen Ovale
Right Ventricle
Receives O2-poor blood from right atrium through tricuspid valve
Pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary Semilunar Valve in pulmonary trunk
Trabeculae Carnae along ventral surface
Papillary Muscle-cone-shaped muscle to which chordae tendinae are anchored
Moderator Band-muscular band connecting anterior papillary muscle to interventricular septum
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

14. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Left Heart Chambers: Systemic Circuit
Left Atrium
Receives O2-rich blood from 4 Pulmonary Veins
Pectinate Muscles line only auricle
Left Ventricle (forms apex of heart)
Receives blood from Left Atrium via bicuspid valve
Pumps blood into aorta via Aortic Semilunar Valve to body
Same structures as Rt Ventricle: Trabeculae carnae, Papillary muscles, Chordae tendinae
No Moderator Band
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

15. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**
*Tricuspid Valve: Right AV valve
3 Cusps (flaps) made of endocardium and CT
Cusps anchored in Rt. Ventricle by Chordae Tendinae
Chordae Tendinae prevent inversion of cusps into atrium
Flow of blood pushes cusps open
When ventricle in diastole (relaxed), cusps hang limp in ventricle
Ventricular contraction increases pressure and forces cusps closed
*Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Left AV valve
2 cusps anchored in Lft. Ventricle by chordae tendinae
Functions same as Rt. AV valve
**Semilunar valves: prevents backflow in large arteries
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Rt Ventricle and Pulmonary Trunk
Aortic Semilunar Valve: Left Ventricle and Aorta
3 cusps: blood rushes past they’re flattened, as it settles they’re pushed down (valve closed)
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

16. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Another View
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

17. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Location of Heart in Thorax
pg 523
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

18. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Location of Heart in Chest
Oblique Position
Apex = Left of Midline (5th ICS), Anterior to rest of heart
Base (posterior surface) sits on vertebral column
Superior Right = 3rd Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum
Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage, 1” left midsternum
Inferior Right = 6th Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum
Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space at Midclavicular line
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

19. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Epicardium (most superficial)
– Visceral pleura
Myocardium (middle layer)
Cardiac muscle
Contracts
Endocardium (inner)
Endothelium on CT
Lines the heart
Creates the valves
Heart Wall
How does heart muscle get blood supply?
pg 524
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

20. Blood supply to heart wall
Rt and Lft Coronary Arteries
Branch from Ascending Aorta
Have multiple branches along heart
Sit in Coronary Sulcus
Coronary Heart Disease
Cardiac Veins
Coronary Sinus (largest)
Many branches feed into sinus
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

21. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Heart Innervation
Heart receives visceral motor innervation
Sympathetic (speeds up)
Parasympathetic (slows down) p. 534
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

22. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Fetal Circulation
No circulation to lungs
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosum
Circulation must go to placenta
Umbilical aa., vv.
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

23. Adult remnants of fetal circulation
Fetus
Fossa ovale
Foramen ovale
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus arteriosus
Medial umbilical ligaments
Umbilical aa.(within fetus)
Round ligament (ligamentum teres) of liver
Umbilical v.(within fetus)
Ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosus
Medial umbilical ligament
Umbilical cord (leaving fetus)
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

24. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Hepatic Portal System
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

25. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Lymphatic System…The Players:
Lymph- clear fluid from loose areolar CT around capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries (near blood capillaries) 
Lymph collecting vessels (small, 3 tunicas, valves)
Lymph nodes (sit along collecting vessels)-clean lymph of pathogens, they are NOT glands
Lymphatic trunks (convergence large collecting vessels)
Lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular
Lymphatic ducts  empty into veins of neck
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy

26. Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Lymphatic System--Function
Function: to collect excess tissue fluid collecting at arteriole end and return leaked blood proteins to blood (maintain osmotic pressure needed to take up water into bloodstream)
Lymph moved through vessels
Pulse of nearby arteries
Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle
Regular movement of body (wiggling legs)
Muscle in Tunica Media
Lacteals-lymphatic capillaries w/unique function
In mucosa of small intestine, receive digested fat from intestine
Fatty lymph becomes milky = Chyle
Chyle goes to bloodstream
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy