2. J C Foster MIT Haystack Observatory Yosemite 2002 Plasma Tails & Ionospheric SED

3. Millstone Hill UHF Radar Elevation Scans Mid-Latitude Storm Enhanced Density

4. Universal Time 18-19 March 1990 Geodetic Latitude Electron Density @ 500 km Altitude (Foster, JGR, 1993) Foster, JGR, 1993

5. March 1990 Su et al., GRL 2001 March 31, 2001 IMAGE EUV

6. Kp=6 Kp=8 Kp=4 Storm Enhanced Density Foster, JGR, 1993

7. Penetration Jet Plasmasheet Plasmapause Penetration Jet DMSP F15 6 April 2000 21 MLT Trough A Strong Polarization Electric Field forms in Low-Conductivity Region between the Inner Edge of the Plasmasheet Precipitation and the Plasmapause Plasmapause

8. Effects of Penetrating Electric Fields Cross-tail electric fields energize and inject particles into the inner magnetosphere forming the disturbance Ring Current Cross-tail electric fields energize and inject particles into the inner magnetosphere forming the disturbance Ring Current Penetrating electric fields uplift and perturb the Plasmasphere and low-latitude ionosphere Penetrating electric fields uplift and perturb the Plasmasphere and low-latitude ionosphere Storm-Enhanced Density (SED) and detached plasmas are formed as the Penetration Jet overlaps the outer plasmasphere Storm-Enhanced Density (SED) and detached plasmas are formed as the Penetration Jet overlaps the outer plasmasphere Injected Energetic Ions are Destabilized in Regions of Enhanced Plasma Density Injected Energetic Ions are Destabilized in Regions of Enhanced Plasma Density

9. Dual Effects of Penetrating Electric Fields Penetration Electric Field Uplifts Equatorial Ionosphere Polarization Jet Strips Away Outer Plasmasphere Detached Plasmaspheric Regions Penetration Jet Strips Away Outer Plasmasphere Radial E Field Eastward Penetration Electric Field Uplifts Equatorial Ionosphere

10. SED formed where PJ overlaps enhanced outer Plasmasphere

11. Variable TEC Eglin AFB, Fla L=2

12. Plumes & Blobs of Storm-Enhanced Density Sweep across Mid Latitudes Enhancement and Poleward Expansion of Equatorial Anomaly Penetration Jet GPS Map of TEC July 15, 2000 22:15 UT

13. GPS Map of SED Plume Mar 31, 2001

14. March 31, 2001 DMSP F13 PJ Overlaps Outer Plasmasphere

15. GPS and Millstone Hill Radar Maps of Storm Enhanced Density 10 15 el m -2 s -1 75 TECu DMSP F13 Zenith MISA

16. IMAGE Plasmapause (J. Goldstein)

17. SED Plume: GPS and IMAGE

19. Noontime Scintillation Mid-Latitude Scintillation Hanscom AFB, MAScintillation Occurs as SED Sweeps across Mid Latitudes Millstone Hill ISR TECu/min GPS ROTI Westford MA

20. Radar: Storm Enhanced Density IMAGE:Plasmaspheric Tail Detached plasma SED

21. Polar Ionosphere ViewPolar Magnetosphere View Plasmasphere Drainage PlumesTongues of Ionization Storm Enhanced Density