1. Dave Cavena HPA Tech Retreat February 16, 2012

2. 15 min = 3 Points  Longevity  Accuracy - Readability  Cost

3. Longevity  Film has proved an excellent media on which to archive images  The archive is the only part of the workflow that has not been digitized  We are archiving exactly not what we create and watch

4. Longevity  “the data is the master record” – Leon Silverman, Opening Remarks, JTS2004  “All polymers are subject to decay.” – W. Mark Ritchie, KINEMA, 1995  “Traditional analog methods of archiving cannot keep up with … the loss of analog process expertise.” – Dan Rosen, VP, WB, May 2007

5. Longevity  In a “perfect” archive, the archive would retain the content … forever  Nothing in the physical world could cause its deterioration  This cannot happen if content is attached to a physical carrier.  Only digital technology provides disintermediation

6. Accuracy - Readability  Digital technology – HW and SW – change often  YCM 3-strip lasts a long time  … recombination issues  … generational loss

7. Accuracy  Content integrity over extended time durations requires a managed archive  A Digital Archive without an automated management SYSTEM is not an archive – it’s sheet metal, plastic & media

8. Model Overview  Automated, rules-based software archive system  Automated computer tape libraries  Servers & front-end disk  Why tape?  Holo is too slow, disk too expensive  When tape is replaced the robots & price point will survive

9. Model Overview Location 1 Movie Copy 1 Movie Copy 2 Location 2 Movie Copy 3 Movie Copy 4

10. Accuracy  Irreplaceable content  Multiple copies  Multiple libraries  Automated audit, copy  Algorithmic assurance of bit integrity  Error Correction Codes (ECC)  Bit Error Detection  Bit Error Correction

11. Accuracy  ECC  Standard on tape drives  COTS technology  Bit Error Rates  Bit Error Rates (BER) differ by manufacturer  ECC undetected BER = 10 -33  Four copies = 10 -132  ECC uncorrected BER = 10 -19  Four copies = 10 -76

12. Accuracy  How big is the archive object?  DCDM + Trims & Outs … 20TB?  2 x 10 13 Bytes  2 x 10 14 bits  OCN … 100TB?  10 14 Bytes  10 15 bits

13. Accuracy  ECC BER 10 -76  20 TB archive object  2 x 10 14 bits = one bit lost in 2 x 10 62 DCDM  100 TB archive object  10 15 bits = one bit lost in 10 61 objects  Generational loss?  Minimum 20 generations of migration

14. Accuracy For this application it doesn’t matter how many times the data is accessed; how many generations of rewrite  ECC undetected = 1-10 -19 … on one copy of four in the archive  Failure probability one or more times during N accesses is = 1-(1-10 -19 )N  For N less than 10 19, this is approximated by N*10 -19

15. Accuracy  Example – one archived copy  Assume a movie accessed 10 3 times  The chance of an uncorrectable bit error per read is 10 -19 10 3 * 10 -19 = 10 -16  Model has four copies  10 3 * (2 * 10 -62 ) = 2 * 10 -59 … one bit lost in 2 * 10 59 (10TB)  10 3 * 10 -61 = 10 -58 … one bit lost in 10 58 (100TB)

16. Accuracy  Secure Hashing Algorithm – SHA-256  Checksum failure probability 2 -256 (approximately 10 -77)  Four-copy BER = 10 -308  One undetected bit loss in 10 294 movies  Voting bit-by-bit  Can make a 10TB DCDM into 40 x 1TB files, 31 of which would have to be damaged to preclude rebuilding the original 10TB file

17. Accuracy  Software Reliability  A digital archive is a managed archive  Audit every bit every 6 months  Read in old format, rewrite in new format  Image data is not changed, only the file wrapper, application accessing the file, or operating system running the app.

18. Digital Archive  Longevity  Accuracy  Cost

19. Digital Cost  Conservative pricing model  List price, no depreciation or salvage  HW, SW, Maintenance, Media  150% uplift (Avg $728K/yr 20TB; $826K/yr 100TB)  Labor  Floor space  Electricity

20. What are the Film costs? *approximately

21. What are the Digital costs?  20 Features per year, 100 years – Average per-Century Cost  Includes uplift for Floor Space, Labor, Electricity Archive Object Size (TB) 150% Uplift Average Annual Uplift 200% Uplift Average Annual Uplift 100$75,000$826,000$83,000$1,102,000 20$54,000$729,000$65,000$972,000

22. Comparison – 100TB – 150% uplift Per-Title, Per-Century Archive Cost 2,000-Title (i.e. FULL) Century Archive Cost Film$130, 000$260,000,000 Digital$ 75,000$137,700,000 Delta (Digital Less)$ 55,000$122,300,000 Redundancy Observation – Redundant copies of the Archive Object : Film: Zero Digital: Three

23. 100TB Archive Object 150% Uplift Labor Electricity Floor Space Avg per-year Uplift: $826,000

24. Comparison – 100TB – 200% Uplift * Per-Title, Per-Century Archive Cost 2,000-Title (i.e. FULL) Century Archive Cost Film$130, 000$260,000,000 Digital$ 83,000$165,000,000 Delta (Digital Less)$ 47,000$95,000,000 Redundancy Observation – Redundant copies of the Archive Object : Film: Zero Digital: Three

25. 100TB Archive Object 200% Uplift Labor Electricity Floor Space Avg per-year Uplift: $1,102,000

26. Comparison – 20TB – 150% uplift * Per-Title, Per-Century Archive Cost 2,000-Title (i.e. FULL) Century Archive Cost Film$130, 000$260,000,000 Digital$ 54,000$121,000,000 Delta (Digital Less)$ 76,000$139,000,000 Redundancy Observation – Redundant copies of the Archive Object : Film: Zero Digital: Three

27. 20TB Archive Object 150% Uplift Labor Electricity Floor Space Avg per-year Uplift: $729,000

28. Comparison – 20TB – 200% Uplift * Per-Title, Per-Century Archive Cost 2,000-Title (i.e. FULL) Century Archive Cost Film$130, 000$260,000,000 Digital$ 65,000$146,000,000 Delta (Digital Less)$ 47,000$114,000,000 Redundancy Observation – Redundant copies of the Archive Object : Film: Zero Digital: Three

29. 20TB Archive Object 200% Uplift Labor Electricity Floor Space Avg per-year Uplift: $972,000

30. Comparison (100TB, 200% Uplift) 2,000 Titles + Repurposing Per-Title Per-Century Archive Cost 2,000-Title Century Archive Cost Per-Title Repurposing Cost One Repurposing per Title per Century Total: Archive + Repurpose Film$130, 000$260,000,000$65,000$130,000,000$390,000,000 Digital$ 83,000$166,000,000$7,000$14,000,000$180,000,000 Delta$ 47,000$94,000,000$58,000$116,000,000$210,000,000

31. Digital Archive  Longevity  Accuracy  Cost

32. Per-Title Per-Century Archive Cost 2,000-Title Century Archive Cost Per-Title Repurposing Cost One Repurposing per Title per Century Total: Archive + Repurpose Film$130, 000$260,000,000$65,000$130,000,000$390,000,000 Digital (100TB) $ 83,000$165,000,000$7,000$14,000,000$179,000,000 Delta$ 55,000$95,000,000$58,000$16,000,000$211,000,000 Longevity In a “perfect” archive, the archive would retain the content … forever Nothing in the physical world could cause its deterioration This cannot happen if content is attached to a physical carrier. Disintermediation Example – one archived copy –Assume a movie accessed 10 6 times –The chance of an uncorrectable bit error per read is 10 -19 –The chance of an uncorrectable bit error on any one of 10 6 reads is 10 3 * 10 -19 = 10 -16 Model has four copies –10 3 * (2 * 10 -63 ) = 2 * 10 -59 … one bit lost in 2 * 10 59 (10TB) –10 3 * 10 -62 = 10 -58 … one bit lost in 10 58 (100TB) Accuracy

33. If you remember only ONE thing… “Traditional analog methods of archiving cannot keep up with … the loss of analog process expertise.” – Dan Rosen, VP, WB, May 2007

34. Model Overview Location 1 Movie Copy 1 Movie Copy 2 Location 2 Movie Copy 3 Movie Copy 4

35. Thank You For further discussion: Google: “Archiving Movies in a Digital World” (2008) Grab me in the hall Breakfast Roundtable tomorrow Office: 626-812-0930, cell: 626-488-3100 Dave.Cavena@ImageTrendsInc.com