2.  Humans have a long history of intergroup conflict › Identify easily with groups › Will work hard to defend their group  A lot of research has been done on group behavior in humans › Has found some interesting things about men

3.  Men tend to be more group oriented than women  Men benefit from being competitive › Indigenous societies › Street gangs  Maybe humanity’s history of group conflict has influenced the evolution of men › The male-warrior hypothesis

4.  Men more intergroup oriented than women  Predicts that men will increase altruistic group contributions in competitive situations more than women will › Van Vugt et al. are seeking to provide empirical support for this prediction

5.  120 university undergraduates (33% male)  6 person groups › No interaction with group members  IV: Competition › Group  Told performance will be compared with other universities › Individual  Told performance being analyzed on an individual level

6.  Given £2 › can keep or contribute all of it to the group  If group as a whole contributes £8 or more (at least 4/6 contribute) › each group member given £4  If less than £8 contributed › no bonus money  DV: Did individual contribute?

8.  Design the same as Experiment 1 except: › Participants given £3 (300 pence)  Total needed for bonus money is £12  Bonus money is £5 › Participants can give any amount  DV: Amount individual contributes

10.  Same design as experiment 2 except: › 6 iterations of the task (DV = mean contribution)  After completing trials participants took a questionnaire on group identification › Measured how strong group identification was

11.  Competition Predicted Group Identification for males

12.  Men identify more strongly with their group  Men contribute more in competitive situations than in non-competitive situations  Women unaffected by competition › But contribute more overall  Supports male-warrior hypothesis

13.  They note : › Limited money quantities › Possibility of insufficient competition  WEIRD population (all college students)  Others?

14.  Does the male-warrior hypothesis predict that men are more competitive than women?

15.  Men and women contributed pretty equally in competitive conditions › Men just contribute less in non-competitive ones  Male-warrior hypothesis says that men more influenced by competition › not that they contribute more in competitive situations

16.  If the only consistent difference between men and women is that men contribute less in non-competitive situations, is this really a male-warrior?  Or are men just lazy outside of competition?  Is this a difference that matters?

17.  The loyalty foundation of morality  “The male mind appears to be innately tribal” (pg. 162)  Loyalty is to the group for men  And to individuals for women  Do you agree?