1. International Business (6)
Huang Huiping
Economic School.Whut

2. 6. Foreign Direct Investment(FDI)
FDI in the world Economy:
- Growth, direction,source, and form of FDI
The theory of FDI
- Why FDI?
- The pattern of FDI
Cost and benefit of FDI
Government policy instrument and FDI
Implications

3. Opening case study: Starbucks’ FDI
Why didn’t Starbuck just simply export the coffee products?
Why did Starbuck initially decide to license its format in Japan? What is licensing? What are the advantages and disadvantages of licensing?
After that ,what made Starbuck set up a joint venture with a local retailer, Sazaby ?
Is FDI expensive and risky? Why or why not?
Was it a green-field investment or an acquisition ?

4. Some concepts
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Direct Investment in business operations in a foreign country.
Multinational Enterprises (MNE): A firm that owns business operations in more than one country.

5. 6.1 Why FDI ? 6.1.1 Limitation of exporting - Transportation cost
to choose what kind of product to be the exporting goods?
- Trade barriers

6. 6.1.2 Limitation of licensing
Giving away the valuable technology know-how to a potential foreign competitor
Losing tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy in a foreign country that may be required to maximize its profitability
The core competitiveness is based not so much on its products as on the management, marketing, and manufacturing capabilities, some of them are not amenable to licensing.
Toyota: “lean production”

7. 6.2 Forms of FDI Green-field investment
establish a new operation in a foreign country.
Acquisition: acquiring or merging an existing firm in a foreign country.
Is Acquisition better than Green-field investment ?
see “management focus”
- quicker
- easier,less risky
- more efficient

8. 6.3 The pattern of FDI (1) -------6.3.1 Strategic Behavior
Strategic Behavior theory focus on relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries
FDI flows are a reflection of strategic rivalry between firms in the global market F.T. Knickerbocker
Oligopoly: is an industry compose of a limited number of large forms .(4 firms, 80% market)
Imitative behavior : a critical competitive feature of this Oligopoly is interdependence of the major players.
Multipoint competition:arises when two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets ,national markets or industry.

9. 6. 3 The pattern of FDI(2) ---- 6. 3
6.3 The pattern of FDI(2) Product Life Cycle(Raymond Vernon)
Firms undertake FDI at particular stages of its PLC.
They invest in other advanced country when local demand grows large enough to support local production.
They subsequently shift production to developing countries when product satandardization and market stature give rise to price competition and cost pressures.

10. The product cycle model
Time
Quantity A B C D
Stage 1
(New product)
Stage 2
(Product growth)
Stage 3
(product maturity)
Stage 4
(product decline)
Stage 5
(abdicate market)
import
export
consumption
Innovating country
production
export
production
imitating country
consumption
import

11. 6.3 The pattern of FDI(3) -----6.3.3 Eclectic Paradigm(John Dunning)
Three advantages model
- Property-specific advantages: a firm’s own unique assets
Internalizing-specific advantages:
using a firm’s own unique assets to produce products
- location-specific advantages
advantages that arise from using resources endowment or assets that are tied to a particular foreign location and that a firm finds valuable to combine with its own unique assets.

12. Three advantages model
Property advantages
Licensing trade
Property advantages
Goods exporting
Internalizing advantages
Property advantages
F D I
Internalizing advantages
Location-specific advantages

13. Three advantages model
When it is difficult to license a firm’s unique capability of marketing, management and know-how, a firm needs to undertake FDI
Natural resources and FDI
Human resources and FDI
Externalities (tech spillover) and FDI

14. 6.4 Costs and benefits of FDI --------6.4.1 Host countries effects
- Resource transfer effects( Capital, technology, Know-how)
- Employment effects (increase/decrease/adjust)
- Balance-of- Payments effects (substitute of some imports, exporting)
- effects on competition and economic growth
Costs
- Adverse effects on Competition (monopolize market, injure infant industry)
- Adverse effects on the Balance of Payment effects
- loss some economic independence?

15. 6.4 Cost and benefits of FDI ------6.4.2 Home countries effects
- inward flow of foreign earning to current account of home country’s balance of payment
- jobs: create the demand for home-country’s export of capital equipment,intermediate goods, complimentary products.
- learning effects: reverse resource-transfer effect.
Costs
- Balance-of-payments: outwards FDI ;
- employment

16. 6.5 Policies Instruments and FDI ------6.5.1 Home country policies
Encouraging Outward FDI
government-back insurance (nationalization ,war losses,unable to transfer profit home)
Government loan
Preferential taxation: eliminate double taxes.
Adding political pressure to host country
Restricting Outward FDI
- limit capital outflows for Balance-of-payment
- encourage investment at home.
- political reasons

17. 6.5 Policies Instruments and FDI -----6.5.1 Host country policies
Encouraging Inward FDI
tax concession
Low interest loan
Grants or subsidies
Restricting Inward FDI
ownership restrain (excluded in special field)
Performance requirement(local content, export, technology transfer, top management restrain)

18. 6.6 Implications Location implications
------Dunning’s theory: The eclectic paradim
When do we need to do FDI?
------A decision framework
Government Policy
Government’s attitude toward FDI is an important variable in decision about the location.
Negotiation between MNEs and host government------bargaining power depends on 3 factors

19. Assignments
Read chap 7,8,9, try to explain the business implications of Economic Integration and Monetary Systems in these chapters.
Prepare Chap 10