1. Win32 Programming Lesson 8: Processes

2. Where are we?  We’re starting to have some foundational understanding of Windows  But really, we don’t know how to get any work done (doesn’t that sound like your Sophomore year?)

3. Executing Code  The Operating System organizes executing code into a logical hierarchy Processes Threads Fibers

4. Definition  A Process is defined as An instance of a running program, which consists of two components:  A kernel object used by the operating system to manage the process  An address space which contains all the DLLs, executable code and data used by the process Processes are inert: to accomplish anything, a process must have at least one thread that runs in its context

5. Threads  Each thread executes “simultaneously” (in some sense of the word… why, why not?)  Each thread has its own stack frame, and set of CPU registers

6. Scheduling  The OS schedules some time for each thread  Each thread gets a time slice or quantum from the CPU which provides the illusion of concurrency  We can think of it as a “round robin” scheduler… but it is significantly much more complicated  When a process is created, it is generally created with one thread, called the primary thread – this thread can create other threads

7. Windows Applications  Two flavors GUI (all that Windowsy stuff) CUI (command line – the One True Way™)  Of course, life isn’t so simple – it’s not a binary decision  Every program needs an entry point – WinMain, wWinMain etc.  The Operating System doesn’t call this – it calls a special startup function

8. Startup Code  The Runtime Libraries do a number of things Retrieve a pointer to the command line parameters of the process Retrieve a pointer to the new environment variables of the process Initialize the RTL’s global variables Initialize the heap for the RTL Call constructors for global and static objects

9. A Process’ Instance Handle  Every DLL or executable gets its own Instance Handle, which is unique  Used when we load resources (like icons)  Can get the handle of a DLL with something like: HMODULE GetModuleHandle(PCTSTR pszModule);

10. The Command Line  Can use the global variables __argv  Can call down to PTSTR GetCommandLine()  Can go from here to an argv-like structure using: PWSTR CommandLineToArgvW( PWSTR pszCmdLine, int* pNumArgs );

11. Free alloced memory  int nNumArgs; PWSTR *ppArgv = CommandLineToArgvW( GetCommandLineW(), &nNumArgs); // Use the arguments… if (*ppArgv[1] == L'x') { } // Free the memory block HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, ppArg v);

12. Environment Variables  Associated on a per-process basis  Stored in the environment block  Stored in the form: VarName1=Value1\0 VarName2=Value2\0 … VarNameX=ValueX\0 \0

13. Associated Functions  GetEnvironmentVariable( PCTSTR pszName, PTSTR pszValue, DWORD dwSize);  Often in the form “%USERPROFILE%\My Documents”  Windows supplies a helper function for this case

14. ExpandEnvironmentString  ExpandEnvironmentStrings( PCTSTR pszSrc, PTSTR pszDst, DWORD nSize);  Where nSize is the maximum space available for expansion

15. ErrorModes  A process can choose to trap certain errors itself instead of having the Operating System trap those errors  UINT SetErrorMode(UINT fuErrorMode)

16. CurrentDirectory and Directory  Example: CreateFile  DWORD GetCurrentDirectory ( DWORD cchCurDir, PTSTR pszCurDir);  BOOL SetCurrentDirectory(PCTSTR pszCurDir);  Current Directories are also stored in the environment variables

17. Finally…  GetVersion and GetVersionEx  Read the history, it’s somewhat amusing

18. Creating a Process  Simple: use CreateProcess: BOOL CreateProcess( PCTSTR pszApplicationName, PTSTR pszCommandLine, PSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES psaProcess, PSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES psaThread, BOOL bInheritHandles, DWORD fdwCreate, PVOID pvEnvironment, PCTSTR pszCurDir, PSTARTUPINFO psaStartInfo, PPROCESS_INFORMATION ppiProcInfo); I could write out the usage, but let’s just look it up…

19. Terminating a Process  Four ways The primary thread’s entry-point function returns (YES) One thread in the process calls ExitProcess (NO) A thread in another process calls TerminateProcess (NO) All the threads just happen to die on their own (Never happens)

20. Entry point returns  When the primary thread dies Any C++ objects are destroyed using destructors Memory from the stack is correctly freed The process’ exit code is set The process’ kernel object is decremented

21. ExitProcess  Fine from an OS perspective  Horrible from the RTL perspective as Destructors aren’t called – you can prove this to yourself if you want to

22. ChildProcesses PROCESS_INFORMATION pi; DWORD dwExitCode; // Spawn the child process. BOOL fSuccess = CreateProcess(..., &pi); if (fSuccess) { // Close the thread handle as // soon as it is no longer needed! CloseHandle(pi.hThread); // Suspend our execution until // the child has terminated. WaitForSingleObject(pi.hProcess, INFINITE); // The child process terminated; //get its exit code. GetExitCodeProcess(pi.hProcess, &dwExitCode); // Close the process handle as soon as it // is no longer needed. CloseHandle(pi.hProcess); }

23. Detaching a Process  In the previous example, the processes are linked – the child process won’t be destroyed until the Parent reads the exit code  However, you can detach a process by closing the associated handles in the parent process

24. Enumerating Processes  Assignment time!  Easily create a simple application which enumerates all the processes on a machine. You may use a command-line application if you wish, or a GUI. Print out as much information about each process as you can.  This looks really nice in.NET… but that’s a little more tricky.  Your call – CLI is okay, but a nice GUI gets you extra marks…