1. The Observer Pattern SE-2811 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 1

2. Observer Pattern Context A system contains objects exhibiting: One-to-many dependency between objects One object changes state All dependents are notified and updated automatically

3. What are we trying to achieve with the Observer Pattern ? Separation of software subsystems Separation between GUI & Domain objects Loosely-coupled classes Because tightly-coupled classes reduce reusability & understanding A generic/elegant way for the classes to communicate

4. Key components in the Observer Pattern Subject Subject has dependent observers. Observer(s) When the state of the subject changes, each dependent observer is notified.

5. Generic Subject class class SubjectClass implements Subject { public SubjectClass(); public void attach(Observer obs); public void detach(Observer obs); public void notifyObservers(); private ArrayList observers; } Note: Some texts define a notify() instead of notifyObservers() method. However, Java’s Object class already has a notify() method, which we don’t want to override.

6. Generic Observer class ObserverClass implements Observer { public ObserverClass(); public void update(???); } What is the appropriate argument for the update() method?

7. 7 Basic class relationships Subject ------------------------------ attach():void detach():void notifyObservers():void Observer ---------------- update(???):void ObserverClass1 ObserverClass2 SubjectClass -observers 1..*

8. 8 Collaborations between objects in the Observer pattern s:SubjectClass o1:ObserverClass1o2:ObserverClass2 attach() notifyObservers() update(???) getContextSpecificInfo()

9. Weather Program example class WeatherData implements Subject { //private data attributes List observers;... public WeatherData(){…} public void getTemp() {…} public int getWindSpeed() {…} public void attach(Observer obs) {…} public void detach(Observer obs) {…} public void notifyObservers() {…}... }

10. Example (contd.) public void acquireDataFromSensors() { // acquire updated weather data …… notifyObservers(); // notify observers }

11. Example (contd.) class mainDisplay extends Observer { public mainDisplay (WeatherData wd){...} public void update(???) {...} public void updateDisplayUI() {...} }

12. Example (contd.) public mainDisplay(WeatherData wd) { Subject wdSubject = wd; wdSubject.attach(this); } // What do we pass to update()? public void update(???) { // How do we get data from the Subject? updateDisplayUI(???); // mainDisplay class method }

13. Implementation Questions What should be the arguments of the update method? Should we send the Subject as the argument? Should each instance of the Observer store the “concrete subject” as a data attribute, or just an Interface reference? Can Subject be an abstract class instead of an Interface?

14. Consequences (positive) Coupling between Subject and Observers: Subject knows it has a list of Observers, but not specific classes Each Observer conforms to the simple interface of the abstract Observer Interface. Hence, coupling is Abstract Minimal

15. Consequences (negative) Broadcast communication Notification is broadcast to all interested objects. Observers can be added/removed at any time. Observer decides when it needs to be notified. Unexpected updates Observers have no knowledge Of each other’s presence. About the cost of “state change of subject” Cascade of updates.