1. Kinesiology Laboratory 8
Posture and Gait Analysis

2. Lateral Plumb Line
Stand so that the line is slightly anterior to lateral malleoli

3. Anterior/Posterior Plumb Line
*Plumb line should be equidistant from both feet

4. Normal Vertical Plumb Line Analysis* *
* Plumb line should be slightly posterior to the center of the hip joint and only slightly anterior to the knee and ankle joint.

5. Normal Spinal Curvature
Posterior concave curves are termed Lordosis
Posterior convex curves are termed Kyphosis
Flattening or increases in curvature beyond baseline are postural abnormalities that lead to increase stress on joints and surrounding structures.

6. Subject
Hand Dominance (R/L)
Higher Shoulder (R/L) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

7. Lateral Deviations Knee Genu recurvatum-
Plumb line will fall anterior to knee cap

8. Posterior/Anterior Deviations
Ankle
Hyperpronation
Supination

9. Anterior/Posterior Deviations
Knee
Vargus
Valgus

10. Posterior/Anterior Deviations
Hip
Different Iliac Crest heights
Lateral gluteal fold deviations
Spine
Lateral deviations (Scoliosis)
Scapula
Winging
Shoulders
Different Heights

11. Changes in Posture: High Heels
Shortened Achilles Tendon due to increased plantar flexion
Center of gravity shifted forward
Compensation causes
Increased lumbar lordosis
Stress on knees

12. Normal Gait

13. RLA vs Traditional Terminology
STANCE
Heel Strike
Initial Contact
Flat Foot
Loading Response
Mid-Stance
Heel-Off
Terminal Stance
Push-Off
Toe-Off
Pre-Swing
SWING
Acceleration
Initial Swing
Mid Swing
Deceleration
Terminal Swing

14. Heel Strike Ankle: Neutral (isometric contraction of dorsiflexors)
Knee: Slight Flexion (eccentric of knee extensors)
Hip: 30 degrees Flexion (isometric of hip extensors)
Trunk: Rotated to Opposite Side (isometric of erector spinae group)
Body weight shifts to stance leg

15. Flat Foot
Ankle: 5-10 degrees of Plantar Flexion (eccentric dorsiflexors)
Knee: 15 degrees of Flexion (eccentric quadriceps)
Hip: Moving into Extension (isometric extensors)
Body weight continues to shift stance foot

16. Mid-Stance Ankle: Dorsiflexion (eccentric plantarflexors)
Knee: Extension (no contraction)
Hip: Extension (concentric extensors and abductors)
Trunk: Neutral
Single limb support occurs
Highest level of horizontal displacement of center of gravity and vertical displacement of center of gravity

17. Heel Off
Ankle: initially dorsiflexion, moving into plantar flexion (for push off) (concentric plantar flexors)
Knee: extension (eccentric quads)
Hip: Hyperextension (isometric extensors, eccentric hip flexors)
Trunk: Rotation to same side

18. Toe Off Toes: Hyperextension
Ankle: Plantar flexion appox degrees (concentric plantar flexors)
Knee: Flexion to 30 degrees (eccentric quads)
Hip: Moving into Flexion (concentric hip flexors)

19. Acceleration Ankle: Moves into dorsiflexion (concentric dorsiflexors)
Knee: Flexion (eccentric quads)
Hip: (concentric flexors)

20. Mid Swing Ankle: Neutral (isometric dorsiflexion)
Knee: 60 degrees of Flexion (eccentric quads)
Hip: 25 degrees of Flexion (concentric hip flexors)

21. Deceleration Ankle: Neutral (isometric dorsiflexors)
Knee: Full Extension (eccentric hamstrings)
Hip: Flexion (eccentric extensors)

22. Gait Analysis
Step length is the distance between the point of initial contact of one foot and the point of initial contact of the opposite foot. In normal gait, right and left step lengths are similar.
Stride length is the distance between successive points of initial contact of the same foot. Right and left stride lengths are normally equal.
Cadence or walking rate is calculated in steps per minute.
Walking base is the sum of the perpendicular distances from the points of initial contact of the right and left feet to the line of forward progression.
Foot angle or toe out describes an angle between the line of progression and a line drawn between the midpoints of the calcaneus and the second metatarsal head.

23. Trendelenburg Sign Vs Trendelenburg Gait
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24. In Two Weeks Final Lab Practical Principles
Active and Passive Insufficiency
Length-Tension
Velocity Tension
Force Couples
Levers
Activity Analysis
Squat
Baseball Swing (Leading Arm)
Push up
Sit up
Bench Press
Military Press
Exercise Prescription
Lower Extremities