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The Skeletal System
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Axial skeleton Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Ribs Sternum
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Skull: cranium + face Cranial bones: Frontal Parietal Temporal
Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
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Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
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Temporal bone Squama temporalis Mastoid part Petrous bone
Zygomatic proces Mandibular fossa Mastoid part Mastoid process Petrous bone Contains the middle/inner ear structures Tympanic part External acoustic meatus Styloid process
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Sphenoid Base of the cranium Body Greater and lesser wings
Sinuses Sella turcica Pterygoid processes Greater and lesser wings Many foramen Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Foramen rotundum
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Ethmoid Back and upper nose Perpendicular plate Ethmoid sinuses
Crista gali Cribriform plate and foramina Superior and middle nasal conchae
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Facial bones Maxilla Palatine bones Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones
Nasal bones Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible
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Maxilla Palatine bones
Alveolar processes Palatine process
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Zygomatic and lacrimal bones
Zygomatic bone zygomatic arch Lower ocular orbit Lacrimal bones nasolacrimal canal
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Nasal bone, Vomer and Inferior nasal conchae
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Other skull bones Hyoid bone
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Other skull bones Auditory ossicles
Three of the smallest bones in your body Middle ear cavity of the petrous part of the temporal bone (paired or unpaired?) From lateral – medial Malleus, incus & stapes
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Bones with sinuses Frontal Maxillary Sphenoid Ethmoid
Sinus: cavity with the bone of the skull make it lighter + resonance box for the voice
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Bones forming the orbit of the eye
Frontal bone Zygomatic Maxilla Lacrimal Sphenoid Ethmoid
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Bones forming the nasal cavity
Ethmoid Vomer Palatine Maxilla Nasal bone Inferior nasal conchae
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Various “hardcore” bones
Remember that many of the cranial & facial bones are “paired” Paired = left & right Left & right parietal bones Left & right temporal bones Left & right lacrimal bones Nasal bones Zygomatic bones Maxilla bones Palatine bones Inferior nasal concha
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Various “hardcore” bones
Remember that many of the cranial & facial bones are “paired” UN-paired (single) Frontal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Vomer bone Mandible Hyoid bone
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Skull foramen
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Vertebral column 31 vertebra divided into regions
Forming various curves Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Pelvic
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Typical vertebra Vertebral body : support
Vertebral canal (foramen): for spinal cord Processes: for muscle attachment Spinous process Transverse processes Superior articular process Inferior articular process Facet: articulation with other vertebrae and ribs
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Intervertebral foramen: formed by 2 adjacent vertebra spinal nerves exit through it
Intervertebral discs: made of an envelope of fibrocartilagenous tissues (interanulus fibrosus) and in the center of a gelatinous substance (nucleus pulposus)
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What happens when a disc ruptures?
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7 Cervical vertebrae Typical features: Small body
Bifid spinous process Transverse foramen Special vertebrae: Atlas and Axis: Atlas = C1 round, occipital condyles Axis: Dens of axis C7: longer spinous process prominence
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Note C7: prominent vertebra (landmark on the vertebral column
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12 Thoracic vertebrae NO transverse foramen
Body larger then cervical vertebra Spinous processes longer, tend to slent downward Facets of articulation with ribs
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5 Lumbar vertebrae Large wide body Short spinous prcesses
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5 sacral vertebrae sacrum
5 sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum Features: Auricular surface Median sacral crest Sacral canal Sacral foramina Apex Sacral promontory Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae tailbone
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Sternum - Ribs - 7 pairs true ribs - 3 pairs – false ribs
- 2 pairs – floating ribs
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Appendicular skeleton: upper extremity
Pectoral girdle: Scapula Clavicle Upper arm: Humerus Lower arm: Ulna Radius Wrist: Matacarpals bones Hand Metacarpals Phalanges
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Pectoral girdle Scapula Clavicle Left or right?
The smooth side (subscapular fossa) is against the rib cage The glenoid fossa is lateral (it is where the humerus attaches) Clavicle Left or right: Sternal end (square end) against sternum, acromial end (flatter end) against acromiom
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Clavicle Humerus The curvature near the sternal end sticks out
See previous drawing Humerus Left or right? The head of the humerus must face medially The olecranon fossa (the largest fossa at the elbow) is posterior
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Wrist and Hand See book
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Appendicular skeleton: lower extremity
Pelvic girdle Coxal bones Thigh Femur Lower leg: Tibia Fibula Ankle Tarsal bones Foot Metatarsal Phalanges
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Coxal bone Left or right? The acetabulum must face externally
The symphysis pubis is anterior
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Femur Left or right? The head of the femur must face internally
The smooth surface in the lower femur is anterior while the deep groove is posterior
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Tibia - Fibula Tibia: Fibula: Left or right?
The styloid process, at the base is the exernal malleolus or internal ankle The tibial tuberosity is anterior Fibula: The hed of the fibula is against the lateral condyle The styloid process is the lateral malleolus or external ankle Slented side of styloid process is posterior
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Ankle - Foot
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Scoliosis
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Lordosis Kyphosis
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Kyphosis
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