3. Minerals Objectives List 5 characteristics all minerals share Give examples of 2 ways that minerals form List the physical properties to identify minerals Describe how physical properties are used to identify minerals List characteristics that gems have that make them different from and more valuable than minerals List the conditions necessary for a mineral to be classified an ore List the properties of titanium that make it useful in biomedicine Identify the minerals that are mined for titanium

5. What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with crystalline form and definite chemical composition.

6. The Structure of Minerals Crystals – a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns: Go to Pg. 63 and draw each sample by their pattern name. Due Thursday at the beginning of class. 1. Cubic 2. Tetragonal 3. Hexagonal 4. Orthorhombic 5. Monoclinic 6. Triclinic

7. Mineral Formation 1. Magma formation- cooling of hot molten rock material -Atoms lose energy and move closer together, patterns. 2. Liquid evaporation- minerals dissolved in liquids -Liquid evaporates atoms of minerals stay & form crystals 3.Precipitation- alternate material in supersaturated solutions

8. Mineral Identification 1.Color 2. Luster 3.Streak 4. Hardness 5. Cleavage 6. Fracture 7. Crystal form 8. Density 9. Specific gravity 10. Magnetism 11.Reaction to hydrochloric acid (HCl) 12.Taste 13. Fluorescence 14. Double refraction

9. 1.Color not always diagnostic (feldspar, quartz, fluorite) Feldspar can be green, pink white, gray, etc.

10. 2. Luster Metallic, non-metallic glassy or vitreous, dull, pearly, resinous, waxy, adamantine, silky

11. 3. Streak Using a unglazed porcelain plate scratch the porcelain and note color, odor if any. 1.Both of these samples are hematite; both have a reddish-brown streak

12. 4. Hardness Moh’s Scale of Hardness (1-10) 1.Talc 6. Orthoclasefeldspar(Kfeldspar) 2.Gypsum ____ fingernail 7. Quartz 3.Calcite ___ penny (copper) 8. Topaz. 4.Fluorite ___ iron nail 9. Corundum 5.Apatite ___ glass 10. Diamond

13. Minerals Objectives List 5 characteristics all minerals share Give examples of 2 ways that minerals form List the physical properties to identify minerals Describe how physical properties are used to identify minerals List characteristics that gems have that make them different from and more valuable than minerals List the conditions necessary for a mineral to be classified an ore List the properties of titanium that make it useful in biomedicine Identify the minerals that are mined for titanium

14. 5. Cleavage Breakage along planes. Related to crystal structure 1 direction (muscovite, biotite) Muscovite (left) Biotite (right)

15. 2 directions at 90° (feldspar, pyroxene) Pyroxene

16. 3 directions at 90° (cubic) (halite, galena) Halite Galena

17. 3 directions not at 90°(rhombohedral ) (calcite, dolomite) Cleavage fragments of calcite Cleavage fragments of dolomite

18. 4 directions (octahedral) (fluorite) Cleavage fragments of fluorite Sphalerite 6 directions (sphalerite)

19. 6. Fracture irregular breakage (no cleavage), breakage not along smooth planes Conchoidal fracture smooth curved fracture surfaces occurs in quartz, chert, obsidian, glass Rose quartz and obsidian lacks cleavage; they have conchoidal fracture

20. 7. Crystal form Some minerals that may or may not have cleavage GROW (not break) into crystals with flat sides. quartz pyrite Quartz crystals

21. Physical Properties cont. 8.Density : D=mass/volume 9.Specific gravity (similar to density) Weight of a mineral divided by weight of an equal volume of water. 10.Magnetism: Can be picked up by a magnet or may be a natural magnet. 11.Reaction to hydrochloric acid (HCl) Calcite effervesces in acid. 12. Taste : halite, sylvite 13. Fluorescence: Some minerals glow in the dark under a black light (U.V. light) Due to excitation of electrons

22. 14.Double refraction Light passing through the mineral is split into two rays. Causes an optical "doubling" effect. Calcite Calcite has the optical property of double refraction. In the photos above, the same sample of calcite is used. It is rotated over a thin dark line. Examine how the appearance of he line changes in the different orientations of calcite.

23. Mineral Composition and Groups 90 elements occur naturally in Earth’s crust. 98% of the crust is made of only 8 elements 46.6% Oxygen, 27.7% Silicon, 8.1% Aluminum, 5% Iron, 3.6% Calcium, 2.8% Sodium, 2.6% Potassium, 2.1% Magnesium, 1.5% others 4000+ known minerals, a few dozen are common and these are composed of the 8 common elements

24. Minerals Objectives List 5 characteristics all minerals share Give examples of 2 ways that minerals form List the physical properties to identify minerals Describe how physical properties are used to identify minerals List characteristics that gems have that make them different from and more valuable than minerals List the conditions necessary for a mineral to be classified an ore List the properties of titanium that make it useful in biomedicine Identify the minerals that are mined for titanium

25. Major Mineral Groups Silicates – SiO 2 – silicon, oxygen + element Carbonates – CO 3 Oxides – element + Oxygen (O 2 ) Sulfides – element + sulfur (S) Sulfates- SO 4 Halides – Salts with( +) or( –) ions Hydroxides- OH Phosphates – PO 4 Native elements – single elements ( Au, Ag, Cu)

26. Uses of Minerals Gems : have crystal structure which allows them to be cut and polished Rare and beautiful Brighter and more colorful Ex: Opal

27. More Gemstones Azurite and Malachite

28. Ores: are minerals which contain a useful substance which can be mined for a profit. Bauxite – Aluminum Hematite – Iron Sphalerite – Zinc Chalcopyrite - Copper

29. Ores continued: Waste Rock Removal- Cost –vs- demand: In order to get the ore waste material must be removed first. This may be costly both on the $ end and to the environment. If the cost of the removing of the waste gets higher than the value of the desired material, then it is no longer considered an ore. Zinc: Sphalerite Copper: For coins, wire Chalcopyrite

30. Technology and Minerals Rutile: produces Titanium which is lightweight, durable, and nontoxic. Used in bicycles, airplanes, hip replacements. Most titanium is mined from rutile rather than ilmenite because the mining and processing from ilmenite is hazardous to the environment.

31. Minerals as Paint Pigments Many minerals used as pigments were poisonous Lead, arsenic, mercury. Cinnabar – red (mercury) Greens and blues: malachite and azurite. Dark blue ultramarine: lapis lazuli Ochre: yellow clay containing iron. White: from compounds containing; calcium, zinc, titanium and lead.