1. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Compact Course Microscopy of rock-forming Minerals Part 2: Quartz and Feldspars

2. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei I: Quartz and Feldspar

3. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Quarz Formula: SiO 2 Symmetry: trigonal n: 1,544 – 1,553  n: 0,009 2V: - max. I. F. (30μm) : white I Important rock-forming mineral, easy to recognise and to use to calibrate the thickness of thin sections. Quartz in standard thin sections (i.e. 30μm ) should have maximum interference colours (I.F.) of white I. If I.F. of quartz is slightly yellow, this means that the thin section is thicker than the standard 30μm.

4. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Observations Maximum interference colour optical axis of mineral vertical to the optical axis of the microscope: light grey Lowest I.F. colours, optical axis of mineral parallel to axis of microscope Practice: compare different orientations of optical axis (based on I.F. colours) with morphology of crystals Quartz, typical orientations 1 mm

5. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Observations: I.F.: black, isotropic Conoscopic interference figure : Uni-axial, positive Morphology: hexagonal Quarz, optical axis vertical and parallel to axis of microscope 0,3 mm red I

6. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Quartz, maximum interference colour Observations: Symmetrical extinction and NOT parallel extinction. All uniaxial minerals have parallel extinction with optical axis parallel to prismatic crystal faces (applies to all tetragonal, hexagonal, trigonal crystals !) THERFORE: observed crystal faces are not prisms but must by pyramid faces ! Observations: Symmetrical extinction and NOT parallel extinction. All uniaxial minerals have parallel extinction with optical axis parallel to prismatic crystal faces (applies to all tetragonal, hexagonal, trigonal crystals !) THERFORE: observed crystal faces are not prisms but must by pyramid faces ! 0.5 mm

7. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Quartz, Morphology Hexagonal crystal C vertical Hexagonal crystal C horizontal Observations: High-quartz- morphology typically observed in SiO2- rich volcanic rocks. Quarz in plutonic and metamophic rocks xenomorphic. Optical indicatrix

8. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Quartz, Morphology Hexagonal crystal C vertical Hexagonal crystal C horizontal Observations: High-quartz- morphology typically observed in SiO2- rich volcanic rocks. Quarz in plutonic and metamophic rocks xenomorphic. Optical indicatrix

9. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei 1 mm Quartz, irregular extinction due to deformation

10. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei 0.5 mm Quartz, typical grain boundaries I Observations: Irregular extinction, complex grain boundaries Dynamic Recrystallisation Dynamic Recrystallisation: formation of small-grained domains with slightly different crystallographic orientation and crystal growth and recrystallisation in zones of high concentration of crystal defects due to deformation.

11. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Quartz, typical grain boundaries II Observations: Grain boundaries straight at 120° angles; no irregular extinction: Indicative of successful reduction of surface energies through complete recrystallization. Static Recrystallisation: Recrystallisation at high T without deformation 0.1 mm

12. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Quartz in sediments Observations: Authigenic growth in pore sapce of a quartz arenite. Shape of old rounded detrital grains can be detected and distinuished from later overgrowth. Old and new growth quartz have identical optical orientation (indentical birefringence). 0.5 mm New grown quartz can have idiomorphic crystal faces wherever pore space allows.

13. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Chalcedony Nr. 29 0,3 mm Observations: "Brewster Crosses" indicating spherulithic fiber growth

14. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Chalcedony, Disctinction between Quartzine and Chalcedony ss Quartzine Long axis of indicatrix // fibers (Elongation): l' (+) Chalcedony ss Long axis of indicatrix at 90° to fibers (Elongation): l' (-) 0,3 mm

15. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei K-Feldspar Formula: KAl[Si 3 O 8 ] Symmetry: monoclinic / triclinic n: 1,518 – 1,532  n: 0,005 -0,007 2V: 0°-80° max. I. F. (30μm) : light grey I Observations: K-spar lowest refractive index among feldspar group. Important for the detection of perthite exsolutions. Optical properties (2V, orientation of indicatix axis w/respect to crystallographic axes) depend on the degree of Si-Al ordering in structure.

16. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Sanidine 1 mm Observations: Karlsbade twins, intermediate 2V, axial plane of indicatrix // 010  low degree of Si-Al ordering  fast cooling Fine-grained matrix between phenocrysts has fluidal texture.

17. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Nesse (2001) nach Steward & Ribbe (1983). Feldspar mineralogy, Rev. Mineral., MSA Optical properties of K-spars depend on Si-Al ordering in structure Nesse (2001) after Su et al. (1984). Am. Mineral. 69, 440-448 High-Sanidine: Dispersion at an angle Microcline: horizontal Dispersion (010) Intermediate Si-Ar ordering: pseudo uniaxial However, such consocopic images are only seen in thick sanidine crystals specifiallcaly

18. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Sanidine 1 mm Observations: Interstitial filling with low refractive index betwen idomorphic sanidines with Karlsbad twinning: 2V very small (pseudo- uniaxial)   intermediate degree of Si-Al ordering   relatively slow cooling

19. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Microcline, Domains of twins form typical crossed pattern Nr. 55 0,3 mm Observations: Diffuse changes in extiction angle, no sharp boundareis between twins, unlike as are observed for plagioclase. Optical axis image diffuse because of overlapping domains

20. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Microcline, Myrmekite at Contact to Plagioclase Observation: Myrmekite are worm-shaped intergrowth patterns from replacement of K-feldspar by albite-rich plagioclase and quartz. Typical for granitic rocks. 0,3 mm

21. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei 0,1 mm Microcline, perthitic Exsolutions Observation: Exsolutions always indicate difussive transport and thus slow cooling, e.g. in granitic rocks.

22. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Alkalifeldspar, Mesoperthite 0,3 mm Observation: Plagioclase has higher refractive index than K-spar and thus plagioclase has a higher „relief“ (watch „Becke-Line“

23. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Alkalifeldspar, Fibrous Perthite 0,2 mm

24. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Alkalifeldspar, Fibrous Perthite, Detai 0,05 mm

25. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Antiperthite 0,3 mm Observation: K-spar exsolutions in Ab-rich plagioclase

26. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase Formula: Na[AlSi 3 O 8 ] – Ca[Al 2 Si 2 O 8 ] Symmetry: triclinic n: 1,529 – 1,588  n: 0,007 – 0,013 2V x : 50° – 105° max. I. F. (30μm) : white to pale yellow I Observations: Important rock-forming mineral, chemical composition highly variable, reflecting conditions of growth. Orientation of indicatrix correlates with An - Ab variations, thus optical determination of plagioclase composition is relatively easy ! Measure angle between extinction and (010), the latter is the plane of albite twinning Albite, volcanic Albite, plutonic Anorthite

27. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase, Albite twinning (010) (010)  (010) Twin plane : (010) Twin axis:  (010)

28. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei (010)[001] Twin plane: (010) Twin axis: [010] Plagioclase, Karlsbad-Twin

29. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase, How to recognise Albite twins : Conditions to be met: 1. 1.Both twins have identical interference colours when parallel N-S or E-W (i.e. parrallel to ploarizing planes). 2. 2.At 45°- Position of lamella, twin plane no longer apparent (identical refractive index). 3. 3.Both sets of twins have symmetrical extinction angle . 

30. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase, How to determine An - Ab composition I. after Rittmann (Maximum extinction angle against (010)), Part 1 What to do ? 1. 1.Find a crystal with orientation (010) ~  to plane of thin section by finding sharp traces of twin planes. 2. 2.Verify albite twinning (see last slide). 3. 3.Determine angle of extinction statistically: measure many, take average of maximum values found. 4.Only the maximum angle represents the crystal with the correct orientation and will yield meaningful results. 4.NOTE: Only the maximum angle represents the crystal with the correct orientation and will yield meaningful results. Both sets of twins have identical interference colours when parallel to plane of ploarization (N-S, E-W). At 45°- positions twins can no longer be observed, twin planes blurred.   Your are not done yet, keep going

31. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Perikline twin cleavage Angle < 90° Angle >90° (010) (001) Plagioclase, How to determine An - Ab composition I. after Rittmann (Maximum extinction angle against (010)), Part 2 Michel-Levy Rule: n x ' falls into the smaller (<90°) angle between (010) and (001): (red with compensator) n x ' falls into the larger (>90°) angle between (010) and (001): (blue with compensator) 1. 1.(010) is the trace of the albite twin intergrowth, which you need to find. 2. 2.(001) is paralel to the trace of cleavage or the trace of intergrowths or pericline twins. 3. 3.Tue direction of maximum and minimum refraction is determined by the position with complete extinction. 4. 4.At 45° n x ' and n z ' can be determined with the compensator (red I). nx'nx'nx'nx' nz'nz'nz'nz' This Plagioclase hapens to be positive in the sense of the Michel-Levy rule. Note, this has nothing to do with the optical sign of the mineral! Keep going !!

32. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase, How to determine An - Ab composition I. after Rittmann (Maximum extinction angle against (010)), Part 3 aus Tröger, 1971, p. 129 Angel measured here : 40° Tue crystal is positive in the sense of the Michel-Levy rule. Tue rock is plutonic, take solid line (dashed line for volcanic plagioclase) The composition of this plagioclase is An 67 !!

33. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase, How to determine An - Ab composition II. Method after Moorhouse (Extintion angle at Albit-Karlsbad twins) Advantage: you need only one crystal, no statitics involved. Disadvantage: approrpiate crystals with these comnbined albite-karlsbad twins rare and generally only in plutonic rocks. What to do: 1. 1.Find an appropriate crystal with combined albite-karlsbad twins : at 45°-position, kalrsbad twins have maximum difference in interference colours with distinct shades of grey. 2. 2.Determine the angle of extiction separately for both twins, giving two different values (unlike in the Rittman method).     12

34. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei Plagioclase, How to determine An - Ab composition II. Method after Moorhouse (Extintion angle at Albit-Karlsbad twins) aus Moorehouse, 1959, p. 59 Value obtained here: 40° large angle (twin ) 18° small ange (twin 2) Composition of the plagioclase is An 70 !!

35. Source of course material Dr. Olaf Medenbach, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Optical microscopy of rock-forming minerals, G. Wörner, USTC Hefei...... However, volcanic plagioclase crystals grow during cooling, convection and replenishment of magma reservoirs and are often complexly zoned... In these cases you will need an electron microprobe to understand and interpret plagioclase compositions. In fact, their „growth-rings“ record what happened in the magma chamber prior to eruption !! Composition of the plagioclase is An 70 !!

36. ...... Crystals grow during cooling from a magma and thus their „growth-rings“ record what happened in the magma chamber prior to eruption !!