1. Electrons The discovery of the electron was a landmark
in physics and led to great technology advances

2. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Introduction
Thermionic Emission
Cathode Rays
Deflection of an electron beam
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Uses of the CRO

3. Thermionic Emission
There is a certain minimum threshold energy which the electron must have to escape.
The negative charges, in the form of electrons, escape from the filament when it’s hot because they have enough energy to get free from the metal surface.

4. Cathode Rays Beams of electrons moving at high speed = Cathode Rays
Electrons accelerated toward anode – pass through the hole – miss the cross – the screen to fluoresce – cast a shadow of the cross

6. Deflection of an electron beam
The deflection of an electron beam can be caused by
A magnetic field
Force on electron
2. An electric field

7. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
The CRO has three main parts i.e.
Electron Gun
Deflecting System
Florescent Screen

8. Electron Gun
Electrons are produced by thermionic emission. Essentially a cathode(negative electrode) is heated and electrons boil off the surface to be attracted by a series of anodes (positive electrodes). The anodes accelerate the electrons and collimate them into a narrow beam.

9. Deflection System
Consist of two pairs of parallel plates : X-Plates and Y-Plates
To display a waveform, a repetitive reversing voltage is applied to the X-plates. This causes the electron beam to be slowly repelled from the left-hand plate and attracted towards the right-hand plate. On the CRO screen this translates as an illuminated dot moving from left to right.

10. The voltage is then reversed and increased rapidly
The voltage is then reversed and increased rapidly. The effect is to move the dot very quickly right to left (fly-back). The applied voltage is called the time-base. The curve has the general shape of a 'saw-tooth'.
The p.d. applied to the Y-plates is the signal to be examined. With the p.d. across the X-plates, a sine waves is displayed

11. Display
The display screen is coated on the inside with a very thin layer of a phosphor called cadmium sulphide. This fluoresces (gives out green light) when electrons impact its surface.

12. Uses of CRO A CRO can be used for Measuring Potential Differences
Displaying waveforms
Measuring time interval & Frequency

14. Potential Difference Signal
Frequency signal

15. X-Rays
X-Rays are produced when high-speed electrons are stopped by matter
In an X-ray tube, electrons from a hot filament are accelerated across a vacuum to the anode
X-rays
The anode is a copper block with a ‘target’ of a high-melting-point metal such as tungsten on which the electrons are focused by the electric field between anode and concave cathode

16. X-Rays X-Ray Properties Penetrate matter up to 1 mm of lead
Not deflected by electric or magnetic field
Ionize a gas
Affect a photographic film
Cause fluorescence
Give interference and diffraction effects

17. X-RAYs
X-rays can travel through soft substances but not hard, dense ones. They travel through soft tissue, but not hard bone.
X-rays are used in hospital to make shadow pictures of parts of the body.
X-rays are used at airport to check what may be hidden in the luggage.

18. Photoelectric Effect
In the photoelectric effect, electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as ultraviolet light.