1. Scientific Method of Problem Solving
Develop (define and delimit) the problem
Formulate the general hypothesis:
Overload training improves strength
(e.g., 3 sets of bp 3 d/w will improve bp strength)
Formulate the specific hypothesis:
If A (general) is true, then B (specific) will be true
(e.g., if the general hyp is true, then posttest > pretest)
Gather , analyze, and interpret the data
If B is true (significant difference), what about A?
If B is not true (no sig diff), what about A?
Discuss the results
Is B without A very unlikely, or are there alternative explanations?

2. Sport biomechanics – outline
Reading assignments:
Kreighbaum & Barthels – Module J (pp , Ch 11 (pp ), esp pp on baseball pitch
Adrian – Ch 17, esp pp , Ch 18, esp

3. Biomechanical correlates of participation in sports: areas of interest and effort
Evaluate process – technique – optimize efficiency, or outcome
Injury potential/prevention
How to enhance acquisition of sport skills– motor learning
Design appropriate conditioning programs to enhance performance
Equipment Design and Selection
ground-foot interfaces
protective equipment (pads, gloves, head gear)
striking implements
balls
Sports playing surfaces

4. Exercise and Sport Biom Prof Org
American College of Sports Medicine
International Society of Biomechanics in Sports
Biomechanics academy of AAHPERD
North American Society of Biomechanics
International Association for Sports Surface Sciences
International Society of Biomechanics
American society of Biomechanics
Canadian Society of Biomechanics
European Society of Biomechanics
Formosan Society of Biomechanics
International Sports Engineering Association
International Shoulder Group
ISB Technical Group on the 3-D Analysis of Human Movement.
European Society for Movement Analysis in Adults and Children
ca/biomechanics/

5. Sport biomechanics journals
Research quarterly for exercise and sport
Medicine and science in sport and exercise
Journal of applied biomechanics
Sports biomechanics
International journal of sport and health science
Journal of sports sciences
Sports engineering
Pediatric exercise science
Journal of orthpaedic and sport physical therapy
Journal of biomechanics
Journal of athletic training
Journal of strength and conditioning research
Journal of electromyographic kinesiology
Sports medicine

6. Throwlike and Pushlike Movement Patterns
Usual objectives of throw and push patterns
projection of objects for greatest horiz or vert dist
ex : javelin, discus, shotput
projection of objects for accuracy with speed a factor
ex: volleyball, tennis, racquetball, baseball pitch
Movement pattern terminology review
Throwing patterns are further defined as underarm, sidearm, or overarm Skills listed under each pattern differ because of constraints
ex: rules governing implement or ball, rules governing target.
Open and Closed chain movements
Open kinetic chain - sequential segmental action, end segment is free to move (e.g., baseball pitch)
Closed kinetic chain - simultaneous end segment movement, end segment meets with “considerable resistance “ (e.g., shot put)

7. Common movement patterns

8. Throwlike and Pushlike Movement Patterns
Characteristics of throw-like patterns
can be a strike or a kick
high end-point velocity is critical
sequential segmental action, object lags behind elbow and/or shoulder
Open kinetic link model - Figure J.1, p 338; J.2, p 339
Linear motion of a point on a rotating segment: V = r
Sequencing segmental rotations - kinetic link principle
system has a base and a free open end
segmental masses progressively decrease
an external torque is applied at the base to initiate the movement
segmental rotational acceleration is timed sequentially
A model of an open kinetic link system - Fig J.4, p 343
Throwlike movements performed while in the air - Fig J.5, p 345

9. Three-segment kinetic link model

10. Three-segment model: (Fig j.2, p 339)

11. Whip-like action of segmental system

13. Three-segment model when airborne:

14. Throwing motion (sequential)

15. Segmental sequence when throwing

16. Phases of pitching: Windup (a-k) Early Preparation (l-m)
Late preparation (n-p)
Release (r-u)
From: Feltner, M. & Dapena,
(1986) Dynamics of
shoulder and elbow joints of
the throwing arm during a
baseball pitch. Int J Biomech

18. Javelin – similar
To baseball pitch

20. Shotput – some throw & some push

21. American Sports Medicine Institute analyzes pitching (www.asmi.org)

23. The kinetic chain illustrated in baseball pitch

24. Poor technique can cause both injury and poor performance

25. Throwlike and Pushlike Movements
Pushlike patterns - Simultaneous segmental actions
Objective is accuracy, or large motive force
Distal segments move simultaneously, resulting in rectilinear movement of distal segment
Four differences in throw and push. In throws:
distal segment “lags back”, segments move sequentially, object moves curvilinearly, wheel-axle movements (shoulder and hip rotation) involved
Movements lie on a throw-push continuum, the location depending on constraints of performer and object:
performer strength and skill
object mass, size, and shape

26. Pushing Motions

27. Development of throwing motion

28. Developmental stages of throwing
Stage 1- ball thrown primarily with elbow extension – no rotation of thorax or arm
Stage 2 - Thoracic rotation accompanies backward motion of the arm. The throw is initiated by the arm swing forward. Some arm rotation as well as forearm extension at various times
Stage 3 - step is taken with same side foot to initiate throw
Stage 4 – step is taken with contralateral foot, thoracic rotation, arm rotation, elbow extension

29. Side arm striking pattern: The baseball swing
Stance
Stride
Swing
Lift front foot
Bat begins moving forward
Follow-through
Ball-bat impact

30. Description of the baseball swing