1. Java I/O Java I/O is based on input streams and output streams. All input and output are defined in the Java IO package. 1

2. Input and Output There are three predefined standard streams: e.g System.out.println writes to the console 2 Stream System.in System.out System.err Purpose reading input writing output writing errors Default Device Keyboard Monitor monitor

3. Reading in using the Scanner class The code below creates an object of the Scanner class. What is returned is an Iterator that allows you read in from the keyboard – the Scanner class implements the iterator interface. Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in) – reads from the keyboard Scanner scan = new Scanner(filename) – reads in from an input file 3

4. I/O Streams A stream is a sequence of bytes that flows from a source to a destination In a program, we read information from an input stream and write information to an output stream 4

5. STREAMS of DATA A program can manage multiple streams at a time The java.io package contains many classes to read from a file, the keyboard, the console etc. 5

6. I/O Stream Categories The classes in the I/O package divide input and output streams into other categories An I/O stream is either a: character stream, which deals with text data Or A byte stream, which deal with byte data(1 & 0’s) 6

7. I/O Streams An I/O stream is also either a data stream, which acts as either a source or destination processing stream, which alters or manages information in the data stream - this stream will take characters and make them into words 7

8. IO streams to and from the Console There are three standard I/O streams to and from the console: standard output – defined by System.out standard input – defined by System.in standard error – defined by System.err We use System.out when we execute System.out.println statements 8

9. Types of input standard input – defined by System.in standard output – defined by System.out standard error – defined by System.err System.in reads characters in one by one. You attach System.in to another stream that will accumulate the characters into a word 9

10. Input/Output System.err implements the standard error stream. This is used to send error messages to you as the program is executing. E.g. - to the console. 10

11. Streams Any source of input or destination for output is called a stream. You must import into your program import java.io 11

12. Exceptions Exceptions are thrown by a program, and may be caught and handled by another part of the program. A program can therefore be separated into a normal execution flow and an exception execution flow. 12

13. 13 Exception Not to Catch public class Zero { public static void main (String[] args) { int numerator = 10; int denominator = 0; System.out.println (numerator / denominator); } // method main } // class Zero // produces a division by 0 error An error – division of 0 - represents a unrecoverable situation and should not be caught.

14. Exception Handling A program can deal with an exception in one of three ways: ignore it – ( which is sometimes very tempting) handle it where it occurs - preferred handle it an another place in the program The manner in which an exception is processed is an important design consideration. 14

15. Exception Handling If an exception is ignored by the program, If an exception is ignored by the program, the program will terminate and produce an appropriate message. E.g public static void main(String Args) throws IOException { ……. // reads in from a file and if an exception occurs …… } The program will terminate. The Exception was not caught 15

16. Throwing an Exception method call trail that leads to the line of code When the program terminates the call stack trace shows the method call trail that leads to the line of code that caused the problem. (line 40) E.g java.lang.NullPointerException at HPAirGUIApplet.init(HPAirGUIApplet.java:40) // your code problem occurred at line 40 in the applet // and the operation that is the culprit is at java 424 etc at sun.applet.AppletPanel.run(AppletPanel.java:424) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619 ) 16

17. Syntax to handle an exception public String myMethod() { try { // calls trickyMethod() …….. return trickyMethod(); // an exception may occur here // } catch ( IOException e ) { // returns null if an exception is thrown return null; } 17

18. Throwing an Exception back to calling method trickyMethod can have a input exception: public int trickyMethod() throws IOException { int result = readAnotherInt();// read in an int if ( result < 0 ) throw new IOException( "bad data" ); return result; } //So if result is less than 0, an exception is thrown //Execution goes back to the calling method //which returns null – see previous slide 18

19. 19 Type codes used in describing Exceptions LetterTypeParent Class Checked? (declare throws?) Use RRuntimejava.lang.RuntimeException Error that can occur in almost any code e.g. NullPointerException. EErrorjava.lang.Error Serious error you really should not try to catch, e.g. OutOfMemoryError. CCheckedjava.lang.Exception Checked exceptions are required by java to be handled e.g. EOFException. Exceptions come is several flavors: RuntimeExceptions, Errors, Checked and Unchecked.

20. Class Exception – pre-defined java class class Exception // defined in the java.io package { // will contain error message to be printed out private String message;// contains error message // a string which describes the exception is sent to message public Exception (String message) // constructor { this.message = message; // user defined error message } // returns the String sent to the constructor public String getMessage() { return message: } 20

21. try { System.out.println("Enter number of donuts:"); donutCount = scan.nextInt(); System.out.println("Enter # of glasses of milk:"); milkCount =scan.nextInt(); if (milkCount < 1) { throw new Exception("Exception: No Milk!"); } // close try { more code } // creates an object of Exception class “e” catch(Exception e) // creates an object of Exception class “e”{ // line below will output “Exception:NoMilk”) System.out.println(e.getMessage()) // prints “….:No Milk: } // close catch S ee GotMilk.java } 21

22. TRY - Catch Exception is a predefined class and the throws statement creates a new object of the class Exception When the exception is thrown, the code in the surrounding try block stops executing and another portion of code - the catch block begins execution. 22

23. The parameter to the catch : catch (Exception e)  is preceded by a class name that specifies what kind of exception is thrown e.g.  Exception, or  FileNotFoundException 23

24.  In throws new Exception (“ Get Milk”),  the string “GetMilk” is an argument to the constructor in the Exception class  and is stored in an instance variable message so it can be recovered with a getter method - e.getMessage(). 24

25. Catching the Exception When the exception is thrown, execution goes to the catch block: catch ( Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage());// prints error message e.g; if we throw the exception with the string below throw new Exception("Exception: No Milk!");  So e.getMessage prints: “Exception: No Milk” 25

26. Throwing Exceptions back to calling method public void eatPizza() throws StomachAcheException ( ….. Some code ….. if (ateTooMuch()) { throw new StomachAcheException(“Ouch”); ….. }  When the StomachAcheException is thrown  we exit from the eatPizza() method and called from.  go back to where the method was called from.  If no exception is thrown, processing continues to the code after the catch block. 26

27. Types of Exceptions  I.Errors: When a dynamic linking failure or other "hardware" failure in the virtual machine occurs, the machine throws an Error. These are never thrown by the programmer. 27

28. . Runtime Exceptions  II. Runtime Exceptions: Subtypes of the RuntimeException class are unchecked exceptions – they represent exceptions that occur during runtime. This means you are not required to catch them 28

29. Exceptions and Exception Types 29

30. Checked Exceptions An exception therefore is either checked or unchecked. checked or unchecked. A checked exception can only be thrown within a try block or within a method that is designated to throw that exception. 30

31. Checked Exceptions The compiler will complain if a checked exception is not handled appropriately. Checked exceptions are due to the environment which are beyond the programmers control must handle in the code but to which the programmer must handle in the code reading past the End of File E.g., EOFException (reading past the End of File), FileNotFoundException an incorrectly listed U MalFormedURLException (an incorrectly listed URL) 31

32. Exception - Making your own To define a class representing a new checked exception, ( you write your own!!) the code is public class MyCheckedException extends Exception. Checked exceptions are checked by the compiler 32

33. Unchecked Exceptions no try/catch require An unchecked exception (no try/catch required) results from programming errors. results from programming errors. dividing by zero E.g. arithmetic exceptions such as dividing by zero ArithmeticException, ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception, NumberformatException, NullPointerException. 33

34. Unchecked Exceptions These do not require explicit handling, though good programmers do so. To define a class that will check these exceptions, Your new exception class must extend RunTime Exception. 34

35. Checked Exceptions- Catch or specify requirement  Java requires that a method either  catch or  specify all checked exceptions that are thrown within the scope of the method. e.g.Catch  A method can catch an exception by providing an exception handler for that type of exception. e.g.  a try /catch block 35

36. Catch or specify requirement Catch or specify requirement (con’d) Specify  If a method chooses not to catch an exception,  the method must specify that it can throw that exception.  E.g. in your method you throw the exception without catching it anywhere in the program 36

37. Runtime Exceptions - examples  I  I. Exceptions can be thrown within the method e.g The method handles the try/catch block  II. Exceptions can be thrown indirectly by the method through calls to other methods. E.g. Thus method1 calls method2 which throws an exception. Whether method2 handles it or throws it is a design issue. 37

38. Exception Propagation If it is not appropriate to handle the exception where it occurs, it can be handled at a higher level. The method will throw the exception in its header 38

39. Exceptions propagate Exceptions propagate up through the method calling hierarchy until they are caught and handled or or until they reach the outermost level. 39

40. Propagating Errors Up the Call Stack public Method1 { try { call method2; } catch (exception) { doErrorProcessing; } Method2 throws exception // exception thrown to calling method public Method2 throws exception // exception thrown to calling method { call method3; } public method3 throws exception // exception thrown back to calling method { call readFile; // this is where the exception can occur } 40

41. The try Block writing to a file: try{ /// all IO require checked exceptions outFile = new PrintStream( new BufferedOutputStream (new FileOutputStream("Out.txt"))); for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) outFile.println("Value at: " + i + vector.elementAt(i)); } // close file } catch (NegativeArraySizeException e) { System.out.println(“Illegal argument “); } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { System.err.println("Caught ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: " + e.getMessage()); } catch (IOException e) { System.err.println("Caught IOException: " + e.getMessage()); } 41

42. IMPORTANT Order of the listing of multiple exceptions: IF YOU PUT THE IOEXCEPTION FIRST IN THE ORDER, IF YOU HAVE A NegativeArraySizeException IT WILL BE CAUGHT BY THE IOEXCEPTION. IOEXCEPTION WILL CATCH ALL EXCEPTIONS AND YOU WILL NOT KNOW WHAT HAPPENED THIS WAS A QUESTION A GOOGLE INTERVIEWER ASKED. See slide 40 42

43. The finally Clause A try statement can have an optional clause designated by the reserved word finally. If no exception is generated, the statements in the finally clause are executed after the statements in the try block complete. 43

44. finally clauses exception is generated, Also, if an exception is generated, the statements in the finally clauses are executed after the statements in the catch clause for that exception completes. 44

45. The statements within the finally block are always executed. Why? To provides a mechanism that allows your method to clean up after itself regardless of what happens within the try block. Use the finally block to close files or release other system resources. finally { System.out.println("Closing file"); outFile.close(); } YOU MUST SPECIFICALLY CLOSE AN OUTPUT FILE, OR THE DATA YOU WROTE TO IT IS LOST 45

46. ORDER OF EXCEPTIONS the order of the catch clauses to what you need to know. In this next example, the order of the catch clauses is according to what you need to know. if the file was not thereyou put that first If you need to know if the file was not there, then you put that first. then any IO exception could occur If you put IOException first, then any IO exception could occur and you would not know if the file was there. and you would not know if the file was there. 46

47. Order of Exceptions  // exception CATCHES INCORRECT DATA public void ReadFromFile try // read in an integer from a file { // read in an integer from a file units = scanner.nextInt(); units = scanner.nextInt(); } // close try NumberFormatException exception catch (NumberFormatException exception) { System.out.println ("Error in input. Line ignored:"); System.out.println (units); } // close catch 47

48. 48 catch (FileNotFoundException exception) { System.out.println ("The file " + file + " was not found."); } // close catch // CATCHES ALL IO EXCEPTIONS catch (IOException exception){ // CATCHES ALL IO EXCEPTIONS System.out.println (exception); }// close catch // CATCHES ALL EXCEPTIONS catch (Exception e){ // CATCHES ALL EXCEPTIONS System.out.println (exception); }// close catch finally { outFile.close(); e.printStackTrace(); }