1. Phytoplankton
Pelagic environment is the largest marine ecosystem. More food, oxygen and biota (life) are here than anywhere else.
The dominant organism in the neritic zone and oceanic zone is plankton
Plankton are organisms that can not make a forward motion against a current.
There are two types of plankton: phytoplankton & zooplankton.

2. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic autotrophs, who begin all marine food webs.
Produce 50-90% of all atmospheric oxygen, and are critical biomass.
They are adapted to a floating lifestyle because of their:
Small size - diffusion is quick, frictional drag from large surface area to low volume ratio helps slow sinking.
Structure - disks shaped or chains aid in floating.
Low density - light ions and lipid by-products of photosynthesis reduce density and aid floating.

3. They are grouped by color
They are grouped by color. Different pigments allow them to take advantage of different light penetration at various depths.
Phytoplankton are found in 3 kingdoms and 5 phyla.

4. Commercially, algae are used as emulsifiers to give a smooth texture to puddings, toothpaste, ice cream, and shoe polish.
A “bloom” is an increase in population density of phytoplankton associated with high nutrient levels. It can be the result of upwelling or excessive nutrients.

5. Upwelling is caused by winds and other atmospheric conditions that move surface water away from the shore, pulling nutrient rich bottom water to the surface.

6. Diatoms are dominants in cool water.
Blooms are good for the food chain, fishing, and trigger whale migrations.
Blooms of some plankton, especially in warm water, may be harmful.
When storms follow hot, dry weather, dominant cysts of toxic phytoplankton may be released.

7. As these toxic blooms enter the food chain, they give off chemical neurotoxins that paralyze the predator’s nerves controlling breathing and heart rate.
Human consumption of these organisms result in paralytic shellfish poisoning due to biomagnification.

8. The dominant phytoplankton in warm water are dinoflagellates
The dominant phytoplankton in warm water are dinoflagellates. They cause a condition called red tide.
Red tides is a result of a wind pattern, Peruvian fishermen named “El Nino”. The name refers to the Christ Child, because the condition was first observed during the warm, Christmas months of the Southern Hemisphere.

9. A change in winds direction blows surface water toward the land and prevents upwelling. Water is depleted of nutrients and fishing is poor.

11. Zooplankton
Zooplankton are the primary consumers, heterotrophic herbivores, in food webs.
They are the smallest and most numerous marine animals.
Their population density depends on the availability of phytoplankton upon which they graze.

12. There are two groups of zooplankton:
Meroplankton
planktonic larvae who will become adult fish, worms, Mollusks, and Crustaceans
The advantage of meroplankton lifestyle is reduced competition from adults for the same basic needs.
Predation is extremely high because of their size and lack of adaptability.

13. Holoplankton
will remain plankton throughout life
Remain visible, but tiny
Copepods (phylum: Arthropoda) are 95% of all zooplankton. Others are krill, foraminifera and members of the Kingdom Protista, Phylum Protozoa

14. Zooplankton are grouped by the way they move.
By pseudopods (amoeba)
By flagella (euglena)
By cilia (paramecium)

15. Vertical Migration
Vertical migration is a daily pattern of phytoplankton and zooplankton changing positions like a day and night shift.
During the day -
phytoplankton produce lipids by photosynthesis.
Because oils are less dense than water, the products of photosynthesis increase their buoyancy.

16. As the sun goes down -
The phytoplankton use lipids for energy which causes them to sink in the water column.
In response to the “rain” of phytoplankton descending, the zooplankton move up in the water column to graze on them.

17. As the sun comes up -
Photosynthesis again causes more production than the organisms need at that time, the phytoplankton become lighter and begin to float upward.
The zooplankton begin their downward response to graze again and to take advantage of reduced visibility and less heat than at the surface.

18. These two periods of grazing:
protect both populations
reduces predation
distributes stress in the ecosystem

20. Taxonomy Taxonomy is a system of grouping organisms based on
Phylogeny (evolutionary relationships)
Biochemistry
Morphology (structure)

21. Kingdom: the 5 kingdoms are:
There are 7 taxa:
Kingdom: the 5 kingdoms are:
Monera
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia

22. Phylum: major marine phyla from kingdom Animalia:
Porifera
Cnidaria
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthtropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata

23. Class: major marine classes From Phylum Mollusca:
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Cephalopoda
From Phylum Arthropoda:
Crustacea
From Phylum Chordata:
Chondrichtyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia

24. Order: Family: Ex: Hominidae Genus: Ex: Homo Species: Ex: sapiens
Subgroups of a class
for birds and fish the suffix is “formes”
Family:
subgroups of an order;
suffix is “ae”
Ex: Hominidae
Genus:
subgroups of families
first part of scientific name
always capitalized
Ex: Homo
Species:
“specific” organisms that can produce an offspring
second part of the scientific name
always in lower case
Ex: sapiens

25. Carrolus Linneaus developed a system of naming organisms based on visible characteristics.
The use of terms (genus & species) is called binomial nomenclature or the scientific name.
A dichotomous key is used to identify the names of unfamiliar organisms. The key is based on two choices for each pair or related characteristics.

26. Scientists use a revised system based on biochemistry to name all the discovered organisms.
Only about 1 million of nearly 10 million organisms have been identified and named so far.

27. Order Cetacea - Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises
Phylum Chordata;
Class Mammalia
Cetaceans are grouped on the basis of their mouths:
Mysticeti
whales with baleens (strainers) for plankton
Both nostrils have a blow hole

28. Ordontoceti whales, dolphins, and porpoises with teeth Carnivores
2 nostrils but only 1 blow hole
Smaller in size

29. Marine Mammal
Characteristics:
Hair
Nurse young
Breathe air
Warm blooded
Placenta (live births)
Horizontal tail (ALL marine cetaceans)

30. Blue whale
is the largest animal
100 ft. long
150 tons.
Narwhal
has a tusk that is 8 ft.
left tooth found only in males.

31. Beluga whales
pure white as adults
“sea canaries”

32. Dolphins
are the most social 7 intelligent whale.
Body temperature of 97.7o F
7 minutes between breaths
25 mph swimming speed
River dolphins of S. America cannot swim in a straight line

33. Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972
Whales and all marine mammals are protected
Passed in response to purse-seine killing of dolphins in huge 4,000 ft long nets.
Many are still being hunted to extinction under the guise of scientific research or are by-catch of the tuna fishery.

34. 1 million deaths/year
Tuna caught on lines is “certified” as dolphin safe by company employees
International Whaling Commission (I.W.C.) is a whaler’s organization that sets quotes based on catch size. They are not a regulatory agency and compliance is voluntary.

35. Cetacean Adaptations:
Swimming:
powerful tail flukes
Fluke markings are like fingerprints for ID
Sei whales are fastest (40mph)

36. Digestion
Multi-compartmentalized stomachs “chew” food
Teeth are conical and unspecialized
Baleen whales
feed by swimming through pockets of plankton
using “bubble” nets to corale their food.
Stomachs hold 2 tons of krill
Toothed whales hunt in packs and seek out individual fish, penguins, seals, sharks or other whales.

37. Circulation
high blood volume holds maximum oxygen and glucose levels
Large whales have large veins
Blood can be shunted to brain, heart, lungs, and muscles and away from stomach and kidneys to protect vital organs.

38. A 4-chambered heart can transfer arteriole heat to the veins as blood flows toward the tail (counter-current heat exchange)
Blubber insulates against the cold.
Overheating is solved by sending blood to surface tissues (flukes and fins) and by-passing the countercurrent vessels.
Whales in captivity exercise less and often lose the ability to cool off by straightening the fins.

39. Vocalizations & echo-location compensate
Senses
Vision is poor
Vocalizations & echo-location compensate
Whales have no vocal cords but make songs, clicks and shines by vibrations in the blow hole.
Communicate to:
Indicate territories
Attract mates
Homing device for young
Families of whales have their own dialect

40. Sounds are emitted and amplified in the head through an oil filled cavity called a melon.
Incoming vibrations are focused through the jaw and melon to the inner ear and the brain.

41. The sounds are extremely accurate and VERY LOUD
Can be used to stun prey
Blue whale can make a sound of 188 decibels. (can rupture a human eardrum)
When whales enter the thermocline, sounds can be heard 1/4 of the distance around the earth.

42. Diving:
lungs are completely filled and emptied quickly through the blow hole on the top of the head.
A trachea under the blow hole connects directly to lungs.
Cannot breathe through their mouth.

43. The nasal passage closes when relaxed to prevent water from entering the lungs & allows them to sleep for short periods without drowning.
Whales can accumulate sleep.
Some whales go to depths of 13,000 ft and breathe every 90 minutes
Oxygen is stored in the muscles
Ribs are collapsible to reduce internal air pockets.

45. Excretory:
Specialized kidneys allow whales to drink salt water.
The urine is very saline

46. Reproduction
mating usually occurs in early summer
Implantation of the egg may be delayed several months, so that gestation finishes up in the warm summer months.
Many whales only have one calf every 2-3 years.
Babies weigh 200 lbs to ton.