1. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)1 Autocollimator Auxiliary microscope Centering telescope Objective Ref. Plane Tube lens Condenser Aperture diaphragm Collector lens Filament A complete method has been designed to have good mechanical and optical alignments and to keep the vertical slant <= 1 mrad Some comments will also be given about the illumination and the “shadow effect”. Mechanics and optics alignments G. Sirri – INFN BO Autocollimator Digital comparators right prism Reference plane

2. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)2 Contents MechanicsReference plane M1. Complanarity Ref. Plane – Horiz. Motion M2. Perpendic. Ref Plane - Vertical Motion M3. Parallelism Right angle bracket (stand) - Ref. Plane Comments on mechanical alignments don’t turn the reference plane compensate prism systematics Plane parallel window method Optics 1. Center the Collector 2. Verify the Revolver position 3. Focus the Condenser (Koehler step 1) 4. Center the Aperture Diaphragm (Koehler step 2) 5. Center and focus the lamp filament About the illumination Actual lamphouse Lamphouse with centering lamp About the shadow effect 1. Filament out of center 2. Vertical stage misalignment 3. “Shadow Effect” from clusters

3. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)3 Reference Plane 10 cm 10 μm THICKNESS TOLERANCE: < 10 μm per 10 cm length This window is used to realize the actual vacuum system (Reference Plane = Object Plane) FLATNESS: a few fringes per inch (~400 nm per cm) (  local slope < 0.1 mrad) PARALLELISM: < 3 arc min (1 mrad) a few fringes per inch Specifications: The alignment procedure is designed with reference to the upper surface of a plane parallel window ; This window is produced by Silo (Florence) according to the following specifications:

4. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)4 Micos MS-8 Digital comparator 000037 Reference Plane Horiz, Motion Plane M1. Complanarity Ref. Plane – Horiz. Motion Target: less than 10 microns per 10 cm Instruments: digital comparator Adjustment: thin metallic foils between the window frame and the horizontal stage (or screws ?) Micos MS-8 Test both x and y directions BO-MIC2 (5 nov 2004) x: 8 µm per 80 mm (0.1 mrad) y: 10 µm per 60 mm (0.2 mrad) BO-MIC1 (8 nov 2004) x: 4 µm per 50 mm (0.1 mrad) y: 8 µm per 50 mm (0.2 mrad)

5. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)5 Micos MS-8 000037 Micos stage Digital comparator Reference Plane Vert. Motion Direction prism Micos MS-8 Test both sagittal and tangential directions Target: less than a few microns per 2 cm Instruments: digital comparator, right prism (invert the prism to compensate systematic errors) Adjustment: thin metallic foils between the table and the granite arm or between the granite arm and vertical stage M2. Perpendic. Ref Plane - Vertical Motion BO-MIC2 (5 nov 2004) x: 2 µm per 20 mm (0.1 mrad) y: 8 µm per 20 mm (0.4 mrad) BO-MIC1 (8 nov 2004) x: 2 µm per 20 mm (0.1 mrad) y: 5 µm per 20 mm (0.2 mrad)

6. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)6 Micos MS-8 Autocollimator Reference Plane Micos stage Target: less than 1 mrad Instruments: autocollimator Adjustment: thin metallic foils between the bracket and the vertical stage (screws in the next generation of brackets ?) M3. Parallelism Right angle bracket (stand) - Ref. Plane Micos MS-8 Test both sagittal and tangential directions Right angle bracket (stand) BO-MIC2 (5 nov 2004) x: 2 arc min. (0.6 mrad) y: 2 arc min. (0.6 mrad) BO-MIC1 (8 nov 2004) x: < 2 arc min. (0.6 mrad) y: < 2 arc min. (0.6 mrad)

7. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)7 Micos MS-8 After the alignment of the mechanical axes, the optical components must be centered one at a time with the centering telescope. The mechanics should not be moved anymore*. Comments on mechanical alignments Micos stage Unfortunately the global design forces us to remove the reference plane in order to access the condenser A test has been made (BO-MIC1 15 nov 2004): the reference plane, the horizontal stage and the illumination stand have been completely dismounted and mounted again. The re-positioning is good with an acceptable parallelism ( 40  m in 4 cm).

8. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)8 1.Center the Collector Mount the trinocular tube with the short tube, Don’t use the frosted glass, the revolver and the condenser, Open the lamphouse and mask the lamp with an diffusive shield, Center the collector by moving the illumination stand. Notes: - The revolver must not be used because it will hide the rim of the collector lens; alternatively a diaphragm or a graticule with concentric circles  above the collector lens can be used to find the center; - The field lens and the field diaphragm should be also centered before collector (not simple but not so crucial, thanks to construction tolerance). Centering telescope Tube lens diffusive shield Illumination stand Ref. Plane Filament Collector lens

9. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)9 2. Verify the Revolver position Centering telescope Objective Ref. Plane Tube lens diffusing shield Notes: - The revolver mounting is not bi-directional; take care that you respect the reference angle. - The objective centering should be given by mechanical tolerances. However, at this moment it is possible to check the centering of the objective and the differences in the centering of the other mounting holes. Filament Collector lens Put the diffusing shield on the reference glass; Mount the objective Mount the revolver and verify the alignment of the objective pupil.

10. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)10 3. Focus the Condenser (Koehler step 1) Mount the condenser and the frosted glass; Put an emulsion on the reference plane; Focus the objective inside the emulsion sheet; Close the field diaphragm Focus the field diaphragm image looking in the eyepieces (or the camera) and moving the condenser up and down; Afterwards open the field diaphragm until the field of view is fully illuminated. Condenser Aperture diaphram Ref. Plane Filament Collector lens Field diaphragm Frosted glass Emulsion Tube lens Eyepiece Objective

11. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)11 4. Center the Aperture Diaphragm (Koehler step 2) Center the aperture diaphragm (and condenser) by centering the field diaphragm image as seen by the eyepieces; or (better solution) Remove an eyepiece (or the camera) and use the auxiliary microscope; Center the aperture diaphragm looking the back focal plane of the objective; the aperture diaphragm must be centered with respect to the exit pupil of the objective. Condenser Aperture diaphram Filament Collector lens Ref. Plane Tube lens Auxiliary microscope Objective Frosted glass Field diaphragm Notes: - Using the first technique, the centering error of the field diaphragm may be compensated by an opposite centering error of the aperture diaphragm (condenser). The procedure is more simple but not so accurate as the second one.

12. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)12 5. Center the lamp filament Remove the frosted glass; Put the filament mirrored image out of focus (moving the mirror); Focus (moving axially) the lamp looking into the auxiliary microscope. The aim is to have a good and homogeneous illumination of the aperture diaphragm; Move the lamp filament in order to cover the center (one half) of the diaphragm; Center and focus the filament mirrored image. Filament Condenser Aperture diaphram Collector lens Ref. Plane Tube lens Auxiliary microscope Objective Frosted glass Field diaphragm Notes: - In italic only for lamphouse with the mirror (available in the next generation of illuminators). - This operation should be done also in the case of pre-centered bulbs (it is important because it is connected to the “shadow effect ”). The lamp can be moved a bit with a pressure on its stems. Carrying away the lamp from the collector can increase the dimensions of the light beam on the diaphragm and consequently the diaphragm illumination.

13. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)13 Comments about the current illumination The ideal case is to have an aperture diaphragm which is homogeneously illuminated (which means isotropic illumination of the field of view). The current illumination is not a perfect Koehler system: 1.the filament image can be neither centered nor focused; 2.the filament image doesn’t cover completely the aperture diaphragm. A strong frosted glass after the collector can act as a patch; but the aperture diaphragm still remains not homogeneously illuminated. The borders are quite dark and eccentric lighter zones can behave as intense unidirectional out-of-axis sources (  in our case can contribute to the “shadow” effect). Focusing the lamp can increase the resolution –Moving the filament far from the collector can increase the dimensions of the beam and can better cover the diaphragm (  a greater aperture means a better resolution). –Centering the image of the filament still remains difficult and can be done by hand. –A weak frosted glass is not recommended. Remove an eyepiece and look at the exit pupil of the objective where is the image of the aperture diaphragm (better with the auxiliary microscope)  Lamphouse

14. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)14 Nikon Italia is producing a prototypal illumination system with centering and focusing filament. This prototype has been tested with Nikon Italia in Bologna (4 nov 2004). A spherical mirror generates a full size image of the filament close to the filament itself. This image can be centered and focused too. Doubling the image of the filament will produce a more intense light beam and in particular can give a more homogeneous illumination of the aperture diaphragm. Several set-up can be used: A. joint imagesB. adjacent images (square –like) The frosted glass is recommended. (Otherwise, due to the axial magnification of the collector, the image of the filament could be seen in the field of view) The “shadow effect” can be corrected with an higher precision than the actual case. Some tests have been done with Nikon Italia. Lamphouse with centering filament and back mirror Not ideal case: the image of the filament is obscured by the filament itself and may overheat it. Optimal solution: the two images do not overlap and the general shape may be square

15. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)15 About the “shadow effect” Commonly, we define the “shadow effect” as the horizontal motion of a mark (or a grain) image during focusing. This effect is negligible in ordinary microscopy (ex. for biology) but in any case it is a symptom of some misalignment. The “shadow effect” depends on two factor: (test made at Bologna with Nikon Italia 4 nov 2004) 1.Something in the illumination system is not centered (filament, collector or condenser); 2.The motion of the vertical stage is not perpendicular to the reference plane. - 50 µm0 µm+50 µm

16. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)16 1) “Shadow effect” : not-centered filament BO-MIC2 4 nov 2004 Lamphouse with centering knobs Filament out of center From the “shadow” : 55 pixel in 100 µm = (0.25 µm/pixel) = 13.8 µm in 100 µm = 138 mrad 55 pixel =13.8 µm 100 µm X Z

17. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)17 2) “Shadow effect” : vertical stage misalignment Direct measure : = 70±10 µm over 16 mm (plane parallel window) = 74±1 µm over 16 mm (prism+comparator) = 5 mrad From the “shadow” : = 8 pixel in 100 µm = (0.25 µm/pixel) = 2 µm in 100 µm = 20 mrad (!) BO-MIC2, 4 nov 2004 Lamphouse with centering knobs Filament centered; BUT the vertical axis has been tilted ! 8 pixel =2 µm 100 µm Y Z Can we use shadows to correct quantitatively the misalignment?

18. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)18 “Shadow Effect” from clusters … Direct measures: BO-MIC1 (8 nov 2004) x: 2 µm per 20 mm (0.1 mrad) y: 5 µm per 20 mm (0.2 mrad) Final Z Slant  1 mrad Scan of a thin emulsion layer: the grain are reconstructed by connecting the clusters to form a vertical chain. X (pixel) Z (um) atan( 0.3 *(eX[0] –eX[ncl-1])/(eZ[0]-eZ[ncl-1]) atan( 0.3 *(eY[0] –eY[ncl-1])/(eZ[0]-eZ[ncl-1]) X Y Also in this case the shadows don’t give quantitative indication of misalignments. Preliminary

19. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)19 Some examples BO MIC3, 30 aug 2004 inclinazione_asse_mic3_(da -40 um a 90 um ogni 10 um).bmp 14 images from -40 um to 90 um mic1 041111 1745 (+50 0 -50).bmp BO MIC1, 11 nov 2004 3 images at -50 um, 0 um and 50 um In any case the qualitative results are good.

20. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)20 Conclusions A complete alignment method has been designed. The method has been tested several times on the Bologna microscopes. The reference window is the vacuum chamber which we use to keep the emulsion on the stage. Its surface has good planarity features (± 5  ). The single measurements of parallelism, and perpendicularity are good and the measured vertical slant from emulsion sheets are less than 1 mrad. The method of the plan parallel window seems to be not exact enough to align the vertical motion axis, the digital comparator+prism is a better solution. The actual lamphouse can be used but the lamp set-up is very crucial. A lamphouse with centering lamp is surely more simple to be adjusted. A new prototype of this type of lamphouse produced by Nikon Italia has been tested and can be used. The “shadow effect” is due to both illumination optics and vertical axis misalignments. The “shadow” seems not to give quantitative indication of the misalignment.

21. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)21

22. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)22 Step M1 : don’t turn the reference plane !

23. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)23 Micos MS-8 Digital comparator 000037 Reference Plane Horiz, Motion Plane M1. Complanarity Ref. Plane – Horiz. Motion What happens if you turn the reference plane… – 1 – The surfaces of the reference plate are parallel; the comparator doesn’t change. The situation is good also in case of bad mounting (as in the picture). Assume that the complanarity is guaranteed. Notice that the Micos clamps are not sufficient to keep steady the reference plane.

24. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)24 Micos MS-8 Digital comparator 000037 Reference Plane Horiz, Motion Plane M1. Complanarity Ref. Plane – Horiz. Motion What happens if you turn the reference plane… – 2 – The surfaces of the reference plate are NOT parallel. If you turn the reference plane, the parallelism is lost.

25. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)25 Step M2: Turn the prism to compensate systematic errors

26. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)26 Micos MS-8 000037 Micos stage Digital comparator Reference Plane Vert. Motion Direction prism M2. Perpendic. Ref Plane - Vertical Motion What happens if you turn the prism 180° about the vertical axis … -- 1 -- ………………

27. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)27 Micos MS-8 000037 Micos stage Digital comparator Reference Plane Vert. Motion Direction prism M2. Perpendic. Ref Plane - Vertical Motion What happens if you turn the prism 180° about the vertical axis … The error in the prism is compensated. -- 2 – ………………………………..

28. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)28 Plane parallel window method to align the vertical stage (Step M2)

29. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)29 Micos MS-8 Micos stage Reference Plane Vert. Motion Direction Target: less than a few microns per 2 cm Instruments: objective 4x, episcopic illuminator, plane parallel windows with a crosshair and a mirror Adjustment: thin metallic foils between the table and the granite arm or between the granite arm and vertical stage M2. Perpendic. Ref Plane - Vertical Motion with plane parallel window method mirror crosshair plan parallel window

30. Mechanics and Optics Alignments - G. Sirri (INFN BO)30 Advantage: -Only one measure to estimate both x and y misalignments (eventually turn the reticule to compensate systematics). Disadvantage: - Expensive (cost of the plan parallel window ?) - Complicated to be mounted (the test must be repeated several times) - Less precise than the prism+digital comparator ( the optical resolution of an objective 4/0,1 is about 3  ). M2. Perpendic. Ref Plane - Vertical Motion with plane parallel window method Vertical displacement: 16 mm Pixel image size ≈ 3 µm Resolution ≈ a few pixel (?) ≈ 10 µm  Ang. Resolution ≈ 1 mrad too large! to be compared with the prism+comparator method: 1 µm over 20 mm (0.05 mrad) Measurements made in Bologna (4 nov 2004) with both method gave similar results (5 mrad tilt): - plane parallel window = 70±10 µm over 16 mm - prism+comparator = 74±1 µm over 16 mm