1. CLASSICAL CHINA
Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties and Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism in Chinese Society

2. Zhou Dynasty (Joh) Longest dynasty in Chinese history
Leader claimed he ruled under the Mandate of Heaven
Patriarchal society
Filial piety was important
Traded silk
The ruler of the Zhou revolted against the Chang because their leader was a bad person
Lasted for 800 years
Mandate of Heaven
Heaven kept order through the king
The king was the link between heaven and earth
If the king wasn’t a good ruler, he could be overthrown or replaced
The gods would show their displeasure with a ruler through
natural disasters, like floods
Towns were under the control of local lords
Families worked together on the land
Children had to provide labor in the fields
Filial piety
It was the duty of all family members to make their needs and
desires subordinate to those of the male head of the family
This was a system where every family member had a place
Used irrigation and iron plows
Food production and population increased

3. Zhou Dynasty (continued)
Traded with India and Mesopotamia but developed mostly in isolation
Contributions:
Rode horses
Developed very organized state
Pottery and bronze
Iron
Use of ideographic symbols

4. Zhou Dynasty (continued)
Complex language and writing system 1,000 characters
Developed three major philosophies to explain the nature of humans and the universe
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism
To be barely literate, you had to know 1,000 characters
Characters represented ideas, not sounds

5. CONFUCIANISM Contemporary of Buddha
Upset by the violence and moral decay of his era
His teachings were recorded in the Analects
He was appointed as the Minister of Crime
VIOLENCE
Constant warfare
Men, women, and children were beheaded
MINISTER OF CRIME
As Minister of Crime, he was so kind that people were overwhelmed by his kindness and crime vanished from his province.

6. Confucianism (continued)
Teachings of Confucious
Political and ethical, not spiritual
Social order was important
Leaders should set a good example
Government service should be open to all men of superior talent
Duty and humanity were central
USELESS TO SPECULATE ON SPIRITUAL ISSUES
It should be assumed that there was an order in the universe
If humans acted in harmony with the universe, they would prosper
CIVIL SERVICE
Before this time government service was limited to nobles
DUTY AND HUMANITY WERE CENTRAL
Individuals had to subordinate themselves to the needs of the family and community
Filial piety said that children should respect their parents and elders

7. DAOISM Based on ideas of Laozi Teachings
Daoist Temple
DAOISM
Based on ideas of Laozi
Teachings
Not concerned with the meaning of the universe
Sets forth proper forms of human behavior
Concerned with the natural order
The way to follow the will of Heaven is not through action but inaction by not interfering with the natural order
LOW DZUH
IDEAS
Contained within the Tao Te Ching
Concerned with the natural order
WAY TO FOLLOW THE WILL OF HEAVEN
You are wise if you don’t argue
Daoist Ritual for the Dead

8. LEGALISM Teachings Human beings were evil by nature
A strong ruler was needed to create an orderly society
Only harsh laws and stiff punishments for bad behavior and rich rewards for good behavior would cause the common people to serve the interests of the ruler
Rulers should control ideas, as well as actions
Like Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan
Stressed punishments more than rewards
Rulers did not have to show compassion for their people
Rulers should control ideas and actions

9. Fall of the Empire Fall of the empire Zhou rulers declined in quality
Several of the kingdom’s territories became powerful states that challenged the ruler
Civil war broke out
Infantry is foot soldiers
Cavalry is soldiers on horseback
CIVIL WAR
Iron weapons came into use
Infantry and cavalry, armed with the crossbow, made their appearance
The Qin won the Civil War (against the Zhou)

10. QIN (CH’IN) DYNASTY
Emerged after the civil war following the Zhou dynasty
Qin Shihuangdi was a powerful leader and the First Emperor
Created a single monetary system
Built roads throughout the empire
Aggressive in foreign affairs
Destroyed outside rival armies and interior resistance
Gave himself a title that had been used for gods
CHIN SHUH HWAHNG DEE (Qin Shihuangdi)
Came to power at 13
DESTROYED RESISTANCE
All of the noble families in the empire had to move to the capital city
Burned all books except those dealing with medicine and agriculture
Dug a canal to supply his armies
NAME
Eventually came to be called emperor, which means “greater than a king”

11. EMPEROR’S (OR TERRACOTTA) ARMY
Discovered by farmers digging a well in 1974
Re-creation of Qin’s imperial guard
Meant to accompany the emperor on his journey to the next world
Slightly bigger than life-size (commanders are tallest)
Faces were molded individually and soldiers were dressed in uniforms
6,000 figures in the first pit alone (of three)
There were also horses, wooden chariots, and 7,000 bronze weapons
Sculptures, buildings, and cemeteries have been found in Qin’s burial tomb

12. The Great Wall Qin empire’s major threat was in the north
A number of walls were constructed to keep the nomads out during Zhou empire
Qin decided to strengthen the existing walls, link them together, and create a Great Wall of China
Required thousands of workers
Approximately a million peasants were forced to cart materials with wheelbarrows and work on the wall
According to legend, some of them are now buried within the wall
1,400 miles long
Only fought off invaders temporarily

13. QIN (CH’IN) DYNASTY Political changes
Legalism was adopted as the regime’s ideology
People who opposed the regime were punished or executed
Created a highly centralized state
HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE
Included censors who checked on government officials to make sure they were doing their jobs
Qin Crossbow

14. QIN (CH’IN) DYNASTY Fall of the Qin Dynasty Qin was the only ruler
Contributing factors
Censorship
Harsh taxes
Forced labor projects
Followed by a period of civil war
QIN AS ONLY RULER
His son was ruthless but less capable than Qin had been

15. HAN DYNASTY Seen as a period of glory, unity, and peace
Discarded the harsh policies of the Qin
Renewal of learning
Chose officials based on merit, rather than by birth
Created a civil service exam
Expanded the empire
Silk Road linked China with Persia and other nations
Peaceful
Peasants suffered
BASED ON
Based policies on Confucianism instead of Legalism
RENEWAL OF LEARNING
All books were allowed again
EXPANSION
In the south and the west
PEACEFUL
Faced few threats from the barbarians
PEASANTS SUFFERED
Had to perform military service
Forced into labor for up to one month every year
Farm plots were made smaller
Forced to sell their land and become tenant farmers
Some were forced to sell their children into slavery

16. Contributions of the Han dynasty
Bronze mirror
Contributions of the Han dynasty
Iron casting technology, which led to invention of steel
Paper
Rudder
Fore-and-aft rigging
China gained exposure to Buddhism from travelers on the Silk Road
Ship inventions made ships able to sail into the wind for the first time
Bronze lamp that depicts a phoenix bird

17. Silk Road Han encouraged trade along with Silk Road with the west
Improved roads encouraged trade
There was demand for silk in India, Mesopotamia, Islamic empire, and Mediterranean
Most trade was carried out by nomads
Provided initial framework for later global trading patterns
Chinese rulers were at one end and Muslim sultans and Roman emperors were at the other end
Leaders of all areas involved often had to send their armies to battle hostile nomads who were trying to take or disrupt
the flow of trade
Specialized merchants usually controlled the trade and were based in urban centers or in trading towns that developed
along the trade route in Asia, Arabia, and North Africa
Until they were replaced by the railroad and steamship during the Industrial Revolution, overland trade routes were
the most important channels for contacts between civilizations
Religions like Buddhism and Islam spread along the routes; so did paper and war technologies
Sedentary peoples adopted the nomads’ reliance on heavy cavalry and hit-and-run tactics and use of
bow and arrow, saddles, and bits
Great Wall of China was built to keep invaders out (this also spurred development of gunpowder and cannons in China)
Nomadic warriors spread diseases (Black Death)

18. China plunged into civil war
Bronze lamp
Model of funeral tomb
Fall of the empire
Nobles filled the gap
Leaders were corrupt
Raids continued in the north
Rebel armies sacked the Han capital
China plunged into civil war
The next dynasty didn’t come to power for 400 years
WEAK RULERS
Amused themselves with court life
NOBLES
Filled the gap by amassing large estates and forcing free farmers to become their tenants
Lavish Robe