1. The rest of Rome
Page

2. 7-59Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
7-59Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, ca. 175 CE. Bronze, 11′ 6″ High. Musei Capitolini— Palazzo Dei Conservatori, RomeIn this equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius as omnipotent conqueror, the emperor stretches out his arm in a gesture of clemency. An enemy once cowered beneath the horse’s raised foreleg.

4. Cremation or burial
7-59ACommodus as Hercules, ca. 190–192 CE
7-60Sarcophagus with the Myth of Orestes, ca. 140–150 CE. Marble, 2′ 7½″ High. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland
Under the Antonines, Romans began to favor burial over cremation, and sarcophagi became very popular. Themes from Greek mythology, like the tragic saga of Orestes, were common subjects.
Although the emperors themselves continued to be cremated in the traditional Roman manner, many private citizens opted for burial
This in turn led to a sudden demand for sarcophagi, which are more similar to modern coffins than any other ancient type of burial container.
Lead to believe they had pattern books-
Western sarcophagus had relief only on the front and sides because they were placed in floor-level niches inside roman tombs.
eastern sarcophagi had reliefs on all 4 sides and stood in the center of the burial chamber
Roman men and women identified themselves on their coffins with Greek heroes and heroines, whose heads often were portraits of the deceased. These private patrons were following the model of imperial portraiture, in which emperors and empresses frequently masqueraded as gods and goddesses and heroes and heroines

5. 7-61Asiatic Sarcophagus with Kline Portrait of a Woman, from Rapolla, Near Melfi, Italy, ca. 165–170 CE. Marble, 5′ 7″ High. Museo Nazionale Archeologico Del Melfese, Melfi
The Romans produced sarcophagi in several regions. Western sarcophagi have carvings only on the front. Eastern sarcophagi, such as this one with a woman’s portrait on the lid, feature reliefs on all four sides.
manufactured in Asia Minor, attests to the vibrant export market for these luxury items in Antonine times
. The lid portrait, which carries on the tradition of Etruscan sarcophagi
the deceased woman reclines on a klineA couch or funerary bed. A type of sarcophagus with a reclining portrait of the deceased on its lid. (bed). With her are her faithful little dog (only its forepaws remain at the left end of the lid) and Cupid (at the right). The winged infant god mournfully holds a downturned torch, a reference to the death of a woman whose beauty rivaled that of his mother, Venus, and of Homer’s Helen.

6. Mummy Portraits in Roman Egypt
In Roman Egypt the traditional stylized portrait mask buried with the dead in mummy cases was replaced with realistic portraits painted in encaustic on wood.
7-62Mummy Portrait of a Priest of Serapis, from Hawara (Faiyum), Egypt, ca. 140–160 CE. Encaustic on Wood, 1′ 4¾″ × 8¾″. British Museum, London
In Roman times, the Egyptians continued to bury their dead in mummy cases, but painted portraits replaced the traditional masks. The painting medium is encaustic—colors mixed with hot wax.
a priest of the Egyptian god Serapis. His curly hair and beard closely emulate the Antonine fashion in Rome, but the corkscrew curls of hair on the forehead are distinctive to images of Serapis and his followers. The priest’s portrait exhibits the painter’s refined use of the brush and spatula, mastery of the depiction of varied textures and of the play of light over the soft and delicately modeled face, and sensitive portrayal of the deceased’s calm demeanor.
7-62AMummy of Artemidorus, ca. 100–120 CE

7. According to texts, there were many examples of portraits in Rome related to the ancestor worship but none have survived In Roman times, however, painted portraits on wood often replaced the traditional stylized portrait masks from Egypt
More were found in the Egyptian part of the empire (Egyptians wrapped the portraits with mummies)
Done on a wood panel with encaustic (freshness of color)
Encaustic: paint pigments are mixed with hot wax
The image is very lifelike and solid.
Emphasis is on the eyes.
The Faiyum mummies enable art historians to trace the evolution of portrait painting (FIGS and 7-25A) after Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE.
Portrait of a Boy, lower Egypt, 2nd century CE.

8. Late Empire- page 219 7-6a The Severan
That is also how he appears in the only preserved painted portrait (FIG. 7-63) of an emperor.
Discovered in Egypt and painted in tempera A technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk, glue, or casein; also, the medium itself. (pigments in egg yolk) on wood (as were many of the mummy portraits from Faiyum), the portrait is of tondoA circular painting or relief sculpture. (circular) format
Geta’s face is erased- When Caracalla (r. 211–217 CE) succeeded his father as emperor, he had his younger brother murdered and ordered the Senate to damn Geta’s memory
The Severan family portrait is an eloquent testimony to that damnatio memoriaeThe Roman decree condemning those who ran afoul of the Senate
Late Empire- page 219
7-6a The Severan
Civil conflict followed Commodus’s death. When it ended, an African-born general named Septimius Severus (r. 193–211 CE) was master of the Roman world. He succeeded in establishing a new dynasty that ruled the Empire for nearly a half century.
7-63Painted Portrait of Septimius Severus and His Family, from Egypt, ca. 200 CE. Tempera on Wood, 1′ 2″ Diameter. Staatliche Museen, Berlin
The only known painted portrait of an emperor shows Septimius Severus with gray hair. With him are his wife, Julia Domna, and their two sons, but Geta’s head was removed after his damnatio memoriae.

9. Caracalla
7-64Bust of Caracalla, ca. 211–217. Marble, 1′ 10¾″ High. Staatliche Museen, Antikensammlung, Berlin
Caracalla’s portraits introduced a new fashion in male coiffure but are more remarkable for the dramatic turn of the emperor’s head and the moving characterization of his personality.
7-64ACaracalla, ca. 211–217 CE
Portraits bust renders physical likeness sa well as character portrayal
IN life a ruthless tyrant, in sculpture a hard- nosed , stern, and suspicious face
Brutal ruler who ordered the deaths of his opponents, including his wife and brother
Downturned moustache and lines over eyes contribute to harsh characterization

10. Lepcis Magn
7-65Chariot Procession of Septimius Severus, Relief from the Attic of the Arch of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna, Libya, 203 CE. Marble, 5′ 6″ High. Castle Museum, Tripoli
A new non-naturalistic aesthetic emerged in later Roman art. In this relief from a triumphal arch, Septimius Severus and his two sons face the viewer even though their chariot is moving to the right.

11. Baths of Caracall
7-66Plan of the Baths of Caracalla, Rome, Italy, 212–216 CE. (1) natatio, (2) frigidarium, (3) tepidarium, (4) caldarium, (5) palaestra
Caracalla’s baths could accommodate 1,600 bathers. They resembled a modern health spa and included libraries, lecture halls, and exercise courts in addition to bathing rooms and a swimming pool.

12. Frigidarium, Baths of Diocletian,
7-67Frigidarium, Baths of Diocletian, Rome, ca. 298–306 (remodeled by MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI as the nave of Santa Maria degli Angeli, 1563)
The groin-vaulted nave of the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Rome was once the frigidarium of the Baths of Diocletian. It gives an idea of the lavish adornment of imperial Roman baths.

13. 7-6b The Soldier Emperor
7-68Portrait Bust of Trajan Decius, 249–251 CE. Marble, Full Bust 2′ 7″ High. Museo Capitolino, Rome
This portrait of a short-lived soldier emperor depicts an older man with bags under his eyes and a sad expression. The eyes glance away nervously, reflecting the anxiety of an insecure ruler.

14. Trebonianus Gallu 7-68APhilip the Arabian, 244–249 CE
7-69Heroic Portrait of Trebonianus Gallus, from Rome, Italy, 251–253 CE. Bronze, 7′ 11″ High. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
In this over-life-size heroically nude statue, Trebonianus Gallus projects an image of brute force. He has the massive physique of a powerful wrestler, but his face expresses nervousness.

15. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus
7-70Battle of Romans and Barbarians (Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus), from Rome, Italy, ca. 250–260 CE. Marble, 5′ High. Museo Nazionale Romano—Palazzo Altemps, Rome
A chaotic scene of battle between Romans and barbarians decorates the front of this sarcophagus. The sculptor piled up the writhing, emotive figures in an emphatic rejection of Classical perspective.

16. Youthful Roman general appears center top with no weapons, and is the only Roman with no helment indicating that he is invincible and needs no protection

17. Philosopher Sarcophagu
7-71Sarcophagus of a Philosopher, ca. 270–280 CE. Marble, 4′ 11″ High. Musei Vaticani, Rome
On many third-century CE sarcophagi, the deceased appears as a learned intellectual. Here, the seated philosopher is the central frontal figure. His two female muses also have portrait features.

18. Baalbek
7-72Restored View (top) and Plan (Bottom) of the Temple of Venus, Baalbek, Lebanon, Third Century CE
This “baroque” temple violates almost every rule of Classical design. It has a scalloped platform and entablature, five- sided Corinthian capitals, and a facade with an arch inside the pediment.

19. Diocletian and the Tetrarch
7-73Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs, from Constantinople, ca. 305 CE. Porphyry, 4′ 3″ High. Saint Mark’s, Venice
Diocletian established the tetrarchy to bring order to the Roman world. In group portraits, artists always depicted the four corulers as nearly identical partners in power, not as distinct individuals.

20. Each pair was originally attached to a large column in Constantinople :later the images were united in Rome

21. Palace of Diocletia
7-74Restored View of the Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia, ca. 298–306
Diocletian’s palace resembled a fortified Roman city (compare FIG. 7-43). Within its high walls, two avenues intersected at the forumlike colonnaded courtyard leading to the emperor’s residential quarters.

22. Constantine
7-75South Facade of the Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312– 315 CE.
Much of the sculptural decoration of Constantine’s arch came from monuments of Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. Sculptors recut the heads of the earlier emperors to substitute Constantine’s features.

24. Distribution of Largesse,
7-76Distribution of Largesse, Detail of the North Frieze of the Arch of Constantine, Rome, Italy, 312–315 CE. Marble, 3′ 4″ High
This Constantinian frieze is less a narrative of action than a picture of actors frozen in time. The composition’s rigid formality reflects the new values that would come to dominate medieval art.

25. Colossus of Constantine
7-77Colossal Head of Constantine, from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 315–330 CE. Marble, 8′ 6″ High. Musei Capitolini–Palazzo Dei Conservatori, Rome.
Constantine’s portraits revive the Augustan image of an eternally youthful ruler. This colossal head is one fragment of an enthroned Jupiter-like statue of the emperor holding the orb of world power.

27. Basilica Nov
7-78Restored Cutaway View of the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 306–312 CE (John Burge)
Roman builders applied the lessons learned constructing baths and market halls to the Basilica Nova the clerestory of a stone-and-timber basilica.

28. Once housed giant sculpture of Constantine
Massive building with great window panes for maximum light
Large groin-vaulted main aisle: barrel-vaulted and coffered sided aisles
Begun by Constantine’s rival, Maxentius: completed by Constantine
Basilica of Constantine, Rome, CE

29. Largest roofed interior in all of Rome
Basilicas with long halls served civic purposes, and were a standard feature of every Roman town. They often held the courts.
Nave – the center tract
Apse-rounded at the end of the building - - roman had on each end
Clerestory – the upper part of the nave, pierced with large windows to let in light
The raised roof of the clerestory was possible because the groined vaults helped center the weight on the four corners.
Reconstruction drawing of
the Basilica of Constantine

30. Aula Palatin
7-79Exterior of the Aula Palatina (Looking Southeast), Trier, Germany, Early Fourth Century CE.
The austere brick exterior of Constantine’s Aula Palatina at Trier is typical of later Roman architecture. Two stories of windows with lead- framed panes of glass take up most of the surface area.

32. Aula Palatina
7-80Interior of the Aula Palatina (Looking North), Trier, Germany, Early Fourth Century CE.
The interior of the audience hall of Constantine’s palace in Germany resembles a timber- roofed basilica with an apse at one end, but it has no aisles. The large windows provided ample illumination.

33. Constantinian Coin
7-81Two Coins with Portraits of Constantine. Left: Nummus, 307 CE. Billon, Diameter 1″. American Numismatic Society, New York. Right: medallion, ca. 315 CE. Silver, diameter 1″. Staatliche Munzsammlung, Munich
These two coins underscore that portraits of Roman emperors were rarely true likenesses. On the earlier coin, Constantine appears as a bearded tetrarch. On the later coin, he appears eternally youthful.

34. 7-7 Chapter Review 7-7a The Big Picture The Roman Empire
Monarchy and Republic   753–27 BCE
Man with ancestor busts, late first century BCE © Araldo de Luca/Corbis;
According to legend, Romulus and Remus founded Rome in 753 BCE. In the sixth century BCE, Etruscan kings ruled the city, and Roman art was Etruscan in character.
In the centuries following the establishment of the Republic in 509 BCE, Rome conquered its neighbors in Italy and then moved into Greece, bringing exposure to Greek art and architecture.
Republican temples combined Etruscan plans with the Greek orders, and houses had peristyles with Greek columns. The Romans, however, pioneered the use of concrete as a building material.
The First Style of mural painting derived from Greece, but the illusionism of the Second Style is distinctly Roman.
Republican portraits were usually superrealistic likenesses of elderly patricians and celebrated traditional Roman values.

35. Early Empire   27 BCE–96 CE
Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, 13–9 BCE SASKIA Ltd. Cultural Documentation.; Colosseum, Rome, ca. 70–80 CE © Robert Harding Picture Library;
Augustus (r. 27 BCE–14 CE) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BCE and became the first Roman emperor.
Augustan art revived the Classical style with frequent references to Periclean Athens. Augustus’s ambitious building program made lavish use of marble, and his portraits always depicted him as an idealized youth.
Under the Julio-Claudians (r. 14–68 CE), builders began to realize the full potential of concrete in buildings such as the Golden House of Nero.
The Flavian emperors (r. 68–96 CE) built the Colosseum, the largest Roman amphitheater, and arches and other monuments celebrating their victory in Judaea.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE buried Pompeii and Herculaneum. During the quarter century before the disaster, painters decorated the walls of houses in the Third and Fourth Styles.

36. High Empire 96–192 CE High Empire 96–192 CE
Marcus Aurelius, ca. 175 CE © 206 Fred S. Kleiner.
The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan (r. 98–117 CE). The emperor’s new forum and markets transformed the civic center of Rome. Trajan’s Column commemorated his two campaigns in Dacia in a spiral frieze with thousands of figures.
Hadrian (r. 117–138 CE), emulating Greek statesmen and philosophers, was the first emperor to wear a beard. He built the Pantheon, a triumph of concrete technology.
Under the Antonines (r. 138–192 CE), the dominance of Classical art began to erode, and imperial artists introduced new compositional schemes in relief sculpture and a psychological element in portraiture.

37. Late Empire 192–337 CE Arch of Constantine, Rome, 312–315 CE
In the art of the Severans (r. 193–235 CE), the non-Classical Late Antique style took root. Artists represented the emperor as a central frontal figure disengaged from the action around him.
During the chaotic era of the soldier emperors (r. 235–284 CE), artists revealed the anxiety and insecurity of the emperors in moving portraits.
Diocletian (r. 284–305 CE) reestablished order by sharing power. Statues of the tetrarchs portray the four emperors as identical and equal rulers, not as individuals.
Constantine (r. 306–336 CE) restored one-man rule, ended persecution of Christians, and transferred the capital of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in 330. The abstract formality of Constantinian art paved the way for the iconic art of the Middle Ages.

38. Summary

39. Comparison Section

40. Compare the
four different
Roman Styles of
painting in Pompeii.
Second Style
Explain the
different
characteristics
of each. Include
how space was
treated in each
composition.
First Style
Fourth Style
Third Style

41. Compare the four Roman sculpted portraits above. Discuss how the
Roman Patrician Vespasian Caracalla Constantine
Compare the four Roman sculpted portraits above. Discuss how the
the material was fashioned in each case to create the expressive
qualities that are evident in each of the faces.

42. Compare the two architectural styles evident in the
Pantheon Aula Palatina
Compare the two architectural styles evident in the
construction of the Pantheon and the Aula Palatina.
How do they both achieve the large interior expanse
in very different ways? Consider the exteriors of both
buildings as well in comparing the two.