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Energy Efficient Compressed Air Systems
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Compressed Air Fundamentals
dWelec = ∫V dP / [Effcompressor Effmotor Effcontrol] V = volume flow rate DP = pressure rise Eff = efficiencies of compressor, motor, and control Internal cooling decreases electrical power
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Compressed Air Savings Opportunities
dWelec = ∫V dP / [Effcompressor Effmotor Effcontrol] Reduce volume flow rate Reduce pressure rise Increase cooling during compression Increase compressor efficiency Increase motor efficiency Increase control efficiency
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Compressed Air System
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Screw Compressor Operation
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Compressed Air System Savings Opportunities
End use Eliminate inefficient uses of compressed air Eliminate air pumps, agitation, cooling and suction Use blower for low-pressure applications Install solenoid valves to shut off air Install air saver nozzles Install differential pressure switches on bag houses Distribution Fix leaks Decrease pressure drop in distribution system Compressor System Compress outside air Use refrigerated dryer Direct warm air into building during winter Use load/unload control with auto shutoff or VSD for lag compressor Stage compressors with pressure settings or controller Add compressed air storage to increase auto shutoff
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Plant and Compressor Data For Calculating Example Savings
Plant operates 6,000 hours per year Electricity cost including demand = $0.10 /kWh Air compressor produces 4.2 scfm/hp Air compressor motor is 90% efficient Air compressor runs in load/unload control with FP0 = 0.50
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Eliminate Inefficient Uses of Compressed Air
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Replace Air Pump with Electric Pump
Air motors use 7x more electricity than electrical motors Example Replace 10 x 1-hp air pumps with electric pumps Cost Savings = 10 hp / 0.90 x 6/7 x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $4,300 /yr 9
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Replace Compressed Air with Mechanical Agitation
Compressed air agitation uses ~10x more electricity than mechanical agitation Example Replace air agitation from 0.5-in pipe at 50 psig with mechanical agitator. Flow Savings = 11.6 (scfm/lbf) x [1 (in)]2 x 55 psia = 150 scfm Power Savings = 150 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 15 kW Cost Savings = 15 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $9,000 /yr
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Replace Compressed Air Cooling with Chiller
‘Vortex’ coolers use 4x more electricity than electric chillers Example Replace 10,200 Btu/hr cooler using 150 scfm with chilled water Cost Savings = 150 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 90%) x 75% x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $6,700 /year 11
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Replace Air With Heat Pipe Cabinet Coolers
Air coolers use 8x more electricity than (heat pipe + small fan) coolers Example Replace 2,400 Btu/hr compressed air cooler with heat pipe cooler Cost comp air = 2,400 Btu/hr / 80 (Btu/hr)/cfm / (4.2 cfm/hp x 90%) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) x 8,760 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $2,607/year Cost heat pipe = 0.6 A x 120 V / 1,000 VA/kW x 8,760 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $ 63 /year Implementation Cost = $1,000 Source: and
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Replace Pneumatic Suction Cups with Magnets
Suction cups use 6.0 scfm while holding while magnets use average of 0.3 scfm Example Replace cups with magnets if holding 3,000 hours per year. Power Savings = 5.7 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 0.57 kW Cost Savings = 0.57 kW x 3,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $167 /yr
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Use Blowers for Low-Pressure Applications
Blowers generate 7.2 scfm /hp at 20 psig while compressors generate 4.2 scfm/hp at 100 psig Example Install low-pressure blower for application needing 140 scfm of 20 psig air Power Savings = 140 scfm x (1/4.2 – 1/7.2) hp/scfm / x .75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 5.8 kW Cost Savings = 5.8 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $3,472 /yr
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Reduce End Use Compressed Air Demand
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Reduce Blow-off with Solenoid Valves
Flow from open tube (scfm) = 11.6 (scfm/lbf) x [Diameter (in)] 2 x Pressure (psia) Example Install solenoid to shut-off blowoff from 3/8-in pipe at 100 psig 80% of time Flow Savings = 11.6 (scfm/lbf) x [3/8 (in)]2 x 115 psia x 80% = 150 scfm Power Savings = 150 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 15 kW Cost Savings = 15 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $8,933 /yr Cost of 3/8-inch solenoid valve = $100
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Reduce Blow off with Air-Saver Nozzles
Nozzles maximize entrained air and generate same flow and force with ~50% less compressed air Example Add nozzle to 1/8-in tube at 100 psig Flow Savings = 11.6 (scfm/lbf) x [1/8 (in)]2 x 115 psia x 50% = 10.4 scfm Power Savings = 10.4 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 1.0 kW Cost Savings = 1.0 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $620 /yr Nozzles cost about $10 each
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Activate Bag House Air Pulses Using Pressure Differential Instead of Timer
Timers are designed for peak conditions, where demand-based control matches actual conditions Example Install differential pressure control to reduce timed pulse from 34 cfm by 60% Flow Savings = 34 cfm x 60% = 20.4 cfm Power Savings = 20.4 cfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 2.0 kW Cost Savings = 2.0 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $1,214 /yr
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Fix Leaks
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Fix Leaks Leaks continuously drain power
Leakage rate increases exponentially with leak diameter Example Fix one 1/64” leak Power Savings = .25 cfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = kW Cost Savings = kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $15 /yr
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Fix Leaks Many plants lose ~20% of compressed air to leaks Example
Fix leaks in plant with fully loaded 100-hp compressor and 20% leakage Power Savings = 100 hp / 0.90 x x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 8.3 kW Cost Savings = 8.3 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $5,000 /yr
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Identify Leaks Using Ultrasonic Sensor
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Quantify Leakage By Logging Flow or Compressor Power
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Fix Leaks Frequently Leak Loss = Rate x Time
Repairing leaks frequently cuts leak load at same implementation cost Example Fix leaks every 2 weeks instead of every 4 weeks if one new 1-cfm leak per week Reduces leakage by 40%
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Starve Leaks by Shutting off Branch Headers
Valve on branch header can starve all downstream leaks when area is not in use Example Install valve to shut off header with 200 cfm leak load for 4,000 hr/yr Power Savings = 200 scfm x 50% / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 9.9 kW Cost Savings = 9.9 kW x 4,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $3,969 /yr
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Use Rubber In Place of Braded Hose
Braided hoses dry-rot and develop leaks that can’t be detected with ultrasonic sensors.
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Reduce Distribution System Pressure Drop
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Use Looped Piping System
If DP < 10 psi at farthest end use, use looped rather than linear design Design Guidelines Main line: size from average cfm to get DP = 3 psi Branch line: size from cfm peak to get DP = 3 psi Feed lines: size from peak cfm to get DP = 1 psi Select hose with DP < 1 psi
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Avoid ‘Collision’ Connections
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Maintain Filters Place filter upstream of dryer to protect dryer
DP filter < 1 psi
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Size Dryer for DP< 5 psi
Low Flow: DP = 1 psi High Flow: DP = 6 psi
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Then, Reduce Compressed Air Pressure
Work = V DP, thus compressor requires less work to produce air at lower outlet pressure Fraction savings from reducing pressure = Fraction savings from reducing pressure = 1% per 2 psi pressure reduction Example Reduce pressure setting of fully-loaded 100-hp compressor from 110 to 100 psig (P2high/P1)0.286 = [(110 psig psia) / 14.7 psia]0.286 = 1.84 (P2low/P1) = [(100 psig psia) / 14.7 psia]0.286 = 1.80 Fraction savings = (1.84 – 1.80) / (1.84 – 1) = 5.2 % Cost Savings = 100 hp x 5.2% / 90% x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $2,582 /yr
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Reduce Pressure To Maximum End Use Plus Friction Loss
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Dry Air Efficiently
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Refrigerated and Desiccant Dryers
Refrigerated dryer: Dries air by cooling Cools to Tdew-point = 35 F Uses 6 W/scfm Desiccant dryer: Dries air by passing through desiccant, then purging desiccant of water Cools air to Tdew-point = -40 F to -100 F Uses 16 to 30 W/scfm Desiccant dryers “should one be applied to portions of compressed air systems that require dew points below 35 F. Because desiccant dryers require a higher initial investment and higher operating costs, Kaeser strongly recommends using refrigerated dryers whenever practical.” Kaeser Regenerative Desiccan Dryers
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Desiccant Dryer Purging
Three types of purge Compressed air purge Uses 15% of compressed air for purging Total is about 30 W/scfm Heated compressed air purge Uses 7% of compressed air for purging Plus 7 W/scfm for heating Total is about 22 W/scfm Heater blower air purge Uses 3 W/scfm for blower Plus 13 W/scfm for heating Total is about 16 W/scfm Purge cycle can be timed or demand-controlled Source:
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Use Refrigerated Rather than Desiccant Dryer
Example: Replace desiccant dryer using compressed air purge with refrigerated dryer for 200 hp (840 scfm) compressor Desiccant Power = 840 scfm x 15% / (4.2 scfm/hp x 90%) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 12.5 kW Refrigerated Power = (840 scfm x 85% x kW/scfm x (1-0.50) = 2.1 kW Cost Savings = (12.5 kW – 2.1 kW) x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $6,215 /yr
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Use Demand-Control Rather than Timed Purge
Summer air 4x wetter than winter air. Timed purge set for peak (summer) conditions Example Switch from timed to demand-control purge and reduce purge by 50% on dryer for 200 hp (840 scfm) compressor Timed-Purge Power = 840 scfm x 15% / (4.2 scfm/hp x 90%) x 0.75 kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 12.5 kW Cost Saving = 12.5 kW x 50% x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $3,250 /yr .016 lbw/lba .004 lbw/lba 38
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Replace Timed-solenoid with No-loss Drains
Winter air holds 50% less water than summer air Timers designed for peak conditions, where demand-based control matches actual conditions Example Replace 3/8-inch timed-solenoid drain that opens 3 seconds every 30 seconds with no-loss drain that eliminates <90% of air losses. Flow Savings = 11.6 (scfm/lbf) x [3/8 (in)]2 x 115 (psia) x 10% x 90% = 16.9 scfm Power Savings = 16.9 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x kW/hp x (1-0.50) = 1.68 kW Cost Savings = 1.68 kW x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $1,005 /yr 3/8-inch no-loss drains costs $600
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Optimize Compressor Cooling
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Compress Outdoor Air Compressing cool dense air reduces compressor work: Fraction Savings = (Thi - Tlow) / Thi Fraction Savings = ~ 2% per 10 F Example Install PVC piping to duct outside air at 50 F to compressor rather than inside air at 80 F. Fraction Savings = [( ) - ( )] / ( ) = 5.9% Cost Savings = 20 kW x 5.9% x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $706 /yr
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Direct Warm Air Into Plant During Winter
75% of compressor input power lost as heat Example Add duct work to direct warm air into plant during winter for compressors drawing 105 kW if heating system operates 2,000 hours per year and is 80% efficient Heat Load Savings = 105 kW x 75% x 3,413 Btu/kWh x 2,000 hours/year = 537 mmBtu/yr Cost Savings = 537 mmBtu/year / 80% x $10 /mmBtu = $6,719/year
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Employ Efficient Compressor Control
FP = FP0 + (1-FP0) FC and P = Prated FP
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Power Signatures from Modulation and Load/unload Control
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Savings From Switching To Efficient Control
FP = FP0 + (1-FP0) FC Typical Intercepts FP0 bypass = 1.00 FP0 modulation = 0.70 FP0 load/unload = 0.50 FP0 variable-speed = 0.10 FP0 on/off = 0.00 Example Switch 100-hp compressor at 50% capacity from modulation to variable-speed control. FP (modulation) = ( ) .50 = .85 FP (variable-speed) = ( ) .50 = .55 Savings = 100 hp x ( ) / .90 x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $15,000 /yr
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Savings Penalty for Inefficient Control
Consider savings from reducing fraction capacity (FC) P1 = Prated x FP1 = Prated x [FP0 + (1-FP0) FC1] P2 = Prated x FP2 = Prated x [FP0 + (1-FP0) FC2] Psave = P1 – P2 Psave = Prated x [FP0 + (1-FP0) FC1] - Prated x [FP0 + (1-FP0) FC2] Psave = Prated x (FC1 - FC2) x (1-FP0) Psave = Unadjusted savings x (1-FP0) Actual Savings = Unadjusted Savings x (1 – FP0) Example Calculate actual savings for reducing leaks by 100 scfm if compressor operates in modulation control. Unadjusted savings = 100 scfm / (4.2 scfm/hp x 0.90) x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $11,905 Actual savings = $11,905 /yr x (1 – 0.70) = $3,571 /yr
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Modulation to Load/Unload with Auto-shutoff
Reduced power 35% and saved $17,000 /yr
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Centrifugal Compressor Control
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Energy-Efficient Centrifugal Compressor Control
Minimize/eliminate by-pass using effective multi-compressor control Operate compressor with throttling/unload control if available Adjust throttling/surge pressure points to widen throttling range
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Throttling/Surge Pressure Set Points Narrow or Widen Throttling Band
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Poor Throttling/Surge Pressure Set Points
Inlet butterfly valve throttles to 95%, then bypass
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Excellent Throttling/Surge Pressure Set Points
Inlet guide vane throttles to 65%, then bypass
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Multi-compressor Control
Cascading pressure set-point control Single-pressure network control Smart PLC control
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Cascading Pressure Set-Point Control
“Stage” compressors into lead and lag compressor(s) by sequentially reducing load/unload pressures. Designate compressor with best control efficiency as final lag compressor Staging allows Lead to run fully loaded and the Lag compressor(s) to turn off or run with smaller part-load penalty if they have better control efficiency. Simple, effective, and inexpensive However: Increases pressure Only applicable for compressors in same location 54
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Single-Pressure Network Control
When compressors in different locations, staging compressors using cascading pressure set points doesn’t work, since the compressors see different pressures. When more than three compressors are staged using cascading pressure set points, pressure increased and pressure range is large. In these cases, use a sequencer with common pressure sensor to stage compressors. 55
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Smart PLC Control Monitors pressure, flow and power
Most flexible (controls different compressor types, locations, manufacturers) Trends data Accommodates changes Source: Taming Multiple Compressors, Niff Ambrosino and Paul Shaw,
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Two Compressors Properly Staged
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Savings From Staging Compressors
Example: Stage load/unload 100-hp and 50-hp compressors producing 400 scfm Cr,100 = 100 hp x 4.2 scfm/hp = 420 scfm Cr,50 = 50 hp x 4.2 scfm/hp = 210 scfm Unstaged FC = 400 scfm / (420 scfm scfm) = 0.63 P100 = Pr,100 x FP100 = 100 hp x [ ( ) .63] = 81.7 hp P50 = Pr,50 x FP50 = 50 hp x [ ( ) .63] = 40.9 hp Ptotal = P100 + P50 = 81.7 hp hp = hp Staged with auto shutoff FC 100 = 400 scfm / 420 scfm = 0.95 P100 = Pr,100 x FP100 = 100 hp x [ ( ) .95] = 97.6 hp P50 = 0 hp (with auto shutoff) Ptotal = P100 + P50 = 97.6 hp + 0 hp = 97.6 hp Savings Savings = (122.5 hp – 97.6 hp) / .90 x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $12,500 /yr
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Savings From Staging Compressors
Before Staging After Staging Example: Stage unstaged load/unload 100-hp and 50-hp compressors producing 400 scfm
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Compressed Air Storage
Necessary for load/unload compressors Lengthens load/unload cycle time: Reduces compressor wear Allows sump to completely blowdown, which reduces unloaded power Increases auto-shutoff, which reduces unloaded power Acts as additional compressed air capacity to meet demand spikes Reduces pressure variation to process Allows average pressure to be lowered, which reduces compressor energy use
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Locating Compressed Air Storage
Locating storage after dryer protects dryer from compressed air demand spikes that can prevent dryer from effectively removing moisture.
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Sizing Compressed Air Storage
Relationship between volume, flow and pressure from mass balance. Mflowin – Mflowout = dM/dt Vflowin r – Vflowout r = (RT/PV) / dt 2.7 gal/rated scfm (0.36 ft3/rated scfm) or 11.3 gal/rated hp (1.5 ft3/rated hp) of trim compressor guarantees load/unload cycle time > 1 minute with 10 psi pressure band Example Calculate storage for 100 hp compressor so load/unload cycle time > 1 minute with 10 psi pressure band. 100 hp x 4.2 scfm/hp x 2.7 gal/scfm =1,134 gal
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Power During Load and Sump Blowdown
Initial rapid power increase when compressor loads Subsequent slow power increase as pressure builds from load to unload pressure set points. Initial rapid power decrease as compressor unloads Subsequent slow power decrease as pressure in sump is bled down to near atmospheric pressure to reduce back pressure. Blowdown time ~ 30 seconds
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Add Storage to Lengthen Load/Unload Cycle and Enable Full Blowdown
Example Adding storage reduces average power by 2.9% If 100-hp compressor at 50% load, savings are: 50 hp / 0.90 x 2.9% x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $725 /yr
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Power Savings From Adding Storage (to Achieve Full Blowdown)
For flooded compressor in load/unload mode at FC = 50% and blowdown = 30 sec
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Add Storage to Enable Auto Shutoff
Example Adding storage enables auto shutoff and reduces average power by 14.7% If 100-hp compressor at 50% load, savings are: 50 hp / 0.90 x 14.7% x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $3,675 /yr
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Add Primary Storage and Reduce Pressure
Plant requires 100 psig Small storage doesn’t dampen L/UL swing Pset = Large storage dampens L/UL swing Pset =
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Add Secondary Storage and Reduce Pressure
Example Adding secondary storage allows reducing pressure by 6 psi which reduces compressor energy by 3% If 100-hp at 50% load, compressor savings are: 50 hp / 90% x 3% x 0.75 kW/hp x 6,000 hr/yr x $0.10 /kWh = $750 /yr
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U.D. AirSim Software AirSim simulates compressed air systems to understand the dynamics between compressed air control, capacity, storage and demand. The software is available free of charge at:
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D.O.E. AirMaster+ Software
AIRMaster+ provides a systematic approach for assessing the supply-side performance of compressed air systems. AIRMaster+ evaluates the energy savings potential of any or all of the following eight energy efficiency actions: Reduce air leaks Improve end-use efficiency Reduce system air pressure Use unloading controls Adjust cascading set points Use automatic sequencer Reduce run time Add primary receiver volume
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Summary of Key Equations and Relations
Input power (kW) = Voltage (V) x Current (A) x 1.73 x Power factor (kW/kVA) / 1,000 VA/kVA Annual energy use (kWh/yr) = Input power (kW) x Operating hours (hr/yr) Annual electricity cost ($/yr) = Annual energy use (kWh/yr) x Unit electricity cost ($/kWh) Flow from open tube (scfm) = 11.6 (scfm/lbf) x Pressure (psig) x [Diameter (in)] 2 Input power from flow (kW) = Flow (scfm) x kW/hp / (Specific output (scfm/hp) x Motor efficiency) x (1-FP0 ) Typical compressor/blower specific output: 4.5 scfm/hp at 100 psig scfm at 20 psig Savings from reducing operating pressure ~ 0.5% per psi Savings from reducing intake air temperature ~ 2% per 10 F Refrigerated dryer electricity use ~ 4-6 W/scfm Unheated desiccant dryer air use ~ 15% of flow Recoverable heat from air compressors ~ 75% of electrical power (kW) x 3,412 (Btu/kWh) Fraction Power = [(Fraction Capacity x (1 – Fraction Power at No Load)] + Fraction Power at No Load Typical Fraction Power at No Load (Modulation Control) = 0.70 Typical Fraction Power at No Load (Load/unload Control) = Typical Fraction Power at No Load (Variable Speed Drive) = 0.10 Typical Fraction Power at No Load (On/Off) = 0.0
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Thank you!
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Compressed Air Storage
Lengthens load/unload cycle time: Reduces compressor wear Allows sump to completely blowdown, which reduces unloaded power Increases auto-shutoff, which reduces unloaded power Reduces pressure variation to process Allows average pressure to be lowered, which reduces compressor energy use 2.7 gal/rated scfm of trim compressor (1.5 ft3/hp) guarantees load/unload cycle time > 1 minute
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Dryer Pressure Drop Low Flow High Flow
DPDRYER = 1 psi DPCOMP = 8 psi DPDRYER = 6 psi DPCOMP = 6 psi
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Dryer Pressure Drop Causes Short Cycling
10 psi DP at compressor reduced to 5 psi “effective DP”
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Locating Primary Storage
If DP across dryer is small, locate primary storage downstream of dryer to reduce flow variation through dryer and thoroughly dry air If DP across dryer is large, locate primary storage upsteam of dryer to enable compressor to realize full load/unload pressure range
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Inlet Guide Vane vs Inlet Butterfly Valve Throttling
Source: Ingersol Rand Centac Compressor Manual
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Stage Compressors for Efficient Control
“Stage” compressors into lead and lag compressor(s) by sequentially reducing load/unload pressures of the lag compressors. Designate compressor with best control efficiency as Lag compressor Staging allows Lead compressor to run fully loaded and the Lag compressor(s) to turn off or run with smaller part-load penalty if they have better control efficiency. 78
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Use Efficient Compressed Air Pumps
Some pumps use ~30% less air than others
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DOE 16% of our industrial motor system energy use
DOE 16% of our industrial motor system energy use. Seventy percent of our manufacturing facilities use compressed air in their production process. Compressed Air Audit “Studies indicate that as much as 35% of the compressed air produced in the market today is wasted to leaks, and everyone has leaks.” Wayne Perry, technical director, Kaeser Compressors “It has been our experience that plants which have no formal, monitored, disciplined, compressed air leak-management program will have a cumulative leak level equal to 30% to 50% of the total air demand,” Henry van Ormer, Air Power USA “The compressed air system had to run at 98 psi because the grinding area. The header pressure was lowered to 85 psi. Results after 18 months showed that tool repair went down for the grinders, production increased by 30% and total air demand fell from 1,600 to 1,400 cfm.“ Henry van Ormer, Air Power USA “The easy answer to many system problems is to jack up the pressure. Unfortunately, the leaks will leak more, and unregulated users will waste more air and more energy.” Norm Fischer, Centrifugal Equipment Service “More important, the back pressure sends a false unload signal to the controls, causing premature unloading or extra compressors to be on line,” van Ormer says. “Using a 30 degree to 45 degree directional angle entry instead of a tee will eliminate this pressure loss. The extra cost of the directional entry is usually negligible.” Remember, pressure costs money in two ways — power to produce increased pressure costs one half of one percent per psi, and excess pressure produces excess flow that must be compressed. Van Ormer Source: The top 10 targets of a compressed air audit, Rich Merritt,
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“More important, the back pressure sends a false unload signal to the controls, causing premature unloading or extra compressors to be on line,” van Ormer says. “Using a 30 degree to 45 degree directional angle entry instead of a tee will eliminate this pressure loss. The extra cost of the directional entry is usually negligible.” “Upgrading to copper or aluminum piping provides excellent value for money and ideal delivery characteristics,” Perry says. “When upgrading, ensure that the physical piping diameter is sized to deliver the required air flow with minimum pressure drop.” “Open blow, refrigeration and vortex cooling may all be replaceable with heat tube cabinet coolers with a potential savings of 3.5 kW to 4 kW each on a 30- by 24- by 12-inch average cabinet,” van Ormer says. “The initial cost is usually in the $700 to $750 range with a potential resultant power savings of $1,000 to $2,000 per year each.” 14.2 at inlet
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Use booster compressor for high-pressure applications
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Single Pressure Network Control
Narrower pressure band However: Compressors from same manufacture Compressors in same location Source: Taming Multiple Compressors, Niff Ambrosino and Paul Shaw,
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Cascading Pressure Set-Point Control
Simple, effective, and inexpensive However: Increases pressure Only applicable for compressors in same location Source: Taming Multiple Compressors, Niff Ambrosino and Paul Shaw,
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Cascading Pressure Set-Point Control
“Stage” compressors into lead and lag compressor(s) by sequentially reducing load/unload pressures of the lag compressors. Designate compressor with best control efficiency as Lag compressor Staging allows Lead compressor to run fully loaded and the Lag compressor(s) to turn off or run with smaller part-load penalty if they have better control efficiency. 85
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Sizing Primary Storage
Required Storage Per Blow Down Time (gal) Compressor Size Blowdown Time (sec) (hp) 30 45 60 90 10 124 186 247 371 50 619 928 1,237 1,856 100 2,474 3,711 150 2,783 5,567 200 4,948 7,422 250 3,093 4,639 6,185 9,278 300 11,133 350 4,330 6,494 8,659 12,989 400 9,896 14,844 Volume Storage Required per Rated Scfm (gal/rated-scfm) Pressure Band Blowdown Time (sec) (psi) 30 45 60 90 5 5.5 8.2 11.0 16.5 10 2.7 4.1 15 1.8 3.7 20 1.4 2.1
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