1. Fiber Optics Communication
Lecture 6

2. Mode Theory for Circular Waveguides
To understand optical power propagation in fiber it is necessary to solve Maxwell’s equation subject to cylindrical boundary conditions
Outlines of such analysis will be studied here

3. Overview
When solving Maxwell’s equations for hollow metallic waveguide, only transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes are found
In optical fibers, the core cladding boundary conditions lead to a coupling between electric and magnetic field components. This results in hybrid modes
Hybrid modes HE means (E is larger) or HM means H is larger

4. Overview
Since n1-n2 << 1, the description of guided and radiation modes is simplified from six-component hybrid electromagnetic fields to four field components.
Modes in a planar dielectric slab waveguide

5. Overview
The order of a mode is equal to number of field zeros across the guide
Field vary harmonically in guiding region and decay exponentially outside this region
For lower order modes, fields are concentrated towards the center of the slab

6. Overview Modes Guided Radiated Leaky
Modes travelling inside fiber along its axis. They are finite solutions of Maxwell equation ( 6 hybrid E and H field)
Radiated
Modes that are not trapped in core. These result from optical power that is outside the fiber acceptance being refracted out of the core. Some radiation gets trapped in cladding, causing cladding modes to appear
Coupling between cladding and core (radiation not confined)
Cladding modes are suppressed by lossy coating
Leaky
Partially confined to core region and attenuates by radiating their power. This radiation results from quantum mechanical phenomena tunnel effect

7. V number
V number
Cut off condition that determines how many modes a fiber can support
Except for lowest mode HE11, each mode exists only for values of V that exceed a limiting value
Modes are cut off when This occurs when
(for 8 microm diameter fiber)
Number of modes M in multimode fiber when V is large

8. Modal Concepts
For step index fiber, the fractional power flow in the core and cladding for a given mode
M is proportional to V, power flow in cladding decreases as V increases.

9. Maxwell’s Equations
……..1 (Faraday’s Law) ………2 (Maxwell’s Faraday equation) ………3(Gauss Law) ………4(Gauss Law for magnetism) and . The parameter Є is permittivity and μ is permeability.

10. Maxwell’s Equations Using vector identity ……(6) Using (3), …….(7)
Taking the curl of 2,
………(8)
(7) and (8) are standard wave equations

11. Maxwell’s Equation Using cylindrical coordinates .…..(9) ……(10)
Substituting (9) and (10) in Maxwell’s curl equation
….(11)
….(12)
….(13)

12. Maxwell’s Equation Also ----------(14) ----------(15) ----------(16)
By eliminating variables, above can be written such that when Ex and Hz are known, the remaining transverse components can be determined

13. Maxwell’s Equation …………..(17) ……………(18) …...........(19) .………… (20)
.………… (20)
Substituting (19) and (20) into (16) results in
….…(21) …….(22)

14. Maxwell’s Equation (21) and (22) each contain either Ez or Hz.
Coupling between Ez and Hz is required by boundary conditions
If boundary conditions do not lead to coupling between field components, mode solution will such that either Ez=0 or Hz=0.
When Ez=0, modes are called transverse electric or TE modes
When Hz=0, modes are called transverse magnetic or TM modes
Hybrid modes exist if both Ez and Hz are nonzero designated as HE or EH

15. Wave Equations for Step Index Fibers
Using separation of variables
………..(23)
The time and z-dependent are given by
………..(24)
Circular symmetry, each field component must not change when Ø is increased by 2п. Thus
…………(25)
Thus, (23) becomes
….(26)

16. Wave Equations for Step Index Fibers
Solving (26). For inside region, the solution must remain finite as r->0, whereas on outside the solution must decay to zero as r->∞
Solutions are
For r< a, Bessel function of first kind of order v (Jv)
For r> a, modified Bessel functions of second kind(Kv)

17. Bessel Functions First Kind
Bessel Functions Second kind
Modified Bessel first kind
Modified Bessel Second kind

18. Propagation Constant β
From definition of modified Bessel function
Since Kv(wr) must to zero as r->∞, w>0. This implies that
A second condition can be deduced from behavior of Jv(ur). Inside core u is real for F1 to be real, thus,
Permissible range of β for bound solutions is

19. Meaning of u and w
Both u and w describes guided wave variation in radial direction
u is know as guided wave radial direction phase constant (Jn resembles sine function)
w is known as guided wave radial direction decay constant (recall Kn resemble exponential function)