1. Music Vocabulary Musical Instruments Hint: As a class exercise, why not encourage your students to create their own 'dictionaries', including terms and concepts relevant to music in their lives? Definitions of music: *an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner *any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds; "he fell asleep to the music of the wind chimes" *(music) the sounds produced by singers or musical instruments (or reproductions of such sounds) http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=music The vocabulary discussed here is not intended to exhibit the entire music world. This list provided a rather limited version that can assist in the study of World History. Some instruments are shown only to better explain the definition. Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments http://www.music.ed.ac.uk/euchmi/ National Music Museum @ The University of South Dakota http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/ Marching Bands and Band Instruments The term "marching band" refers to an instrumental ensemble that performs outdoors and usually is moving in some manner during their performance. Most often marching bands can be seen in parades and during halftime shows at football games. The outdoor performance of music has existed for thousands of years. One of the earliest existing depictions of this activity is a wall relief that dates from the seventh or eighth century B.C. It can be found in the royal palace in the ancient city of Nineveh and shows a group of musicians in a procession. The musicians include harp, double pipe, and lyre players. Native American Musical Instruments Singing is at the center of much traditional Native American (now also known as "First Nations" or "First People") music. There are, however, several instruments that are integral to the music, often as accompaniment. Drums, rattles, and flutes are the most common traditional instruments played, but certain peoples have distinct instrumental traditions and legends related to their instruments. Locally found material is used to make these instruments. The following is a brief overview of the instruments. Woodwind Instruments In the orchestras of Western art music, there are four main groups of instruments: strings, percussion, brass, and woodwinds. Woodwinds often play together with all the other instruments of the orchestra, but they also get to play solos in the orchestra, unlike most of the string players. Concert bands have woodwinds, brass, and percussion only, no strings. Most woodwind instruments are tubes that are (or were long ago) made from wood, and players blow their "wind," or breath, into them to make sounds. Some woodwinds are conical, or cone-shaped—the tube starts small and gets bigger along the way to the end. Other woodwinds are cylindrical, or cylinder-shaped—the size of the tube stays about the same from one end to the other, like a paper-towel tube. Impressio eJournal © 2010 Virtual English Teaching Slot http://ejournal.eduprojects.net/virtual- slot2/index.php?action%5B%5D=IArticleShow::showArticle(36693) The Music and Instruments of west Africa Power Point www.jefferson.k12.ky.us/schools/Elementary/Layne/.../African%2 0Music.ppt Music is an artistic form of sound communication via musical instruments that produce sounds and tones. Music is as old as mankind. All cultures past and present have music. The "oldest known song" dates back 4,000 years ago and was written in ancient cuneiform. It is not certain how or when the first musical instrument was invented, however, most historians point to early flutes made from animal bones that are at least 37,000 years old. http://www.assyriatimes.com/engine/modules/news/index.p hp?storytopic=18 http://www.greenwych. ca/fl-compl.htm Instrument Encyclopedia http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/ NEANDERTHAL FLUTE Oldest Musical Instrument An ancient bone flute segment, estimated at about 43,ooo up to 82,ooo years old, was found recently at a Neanderthal campsite by Dr. Ivan Turk, a paleontologist at the Slovenian Academy of Sciences in Ljubljana. It's the first flute ever to be associated with Neanderthals and its confirmed age makes it the oldest known musical instrument. Cuneiform music

2. http://ejournal.eduprojects.net/virtual- slot2/index.php?action%5B%5D=IArticleShow::showArticle(3 6693) Celesta Zither rainstick spoons Castanets Brass Instruments Brass instruments get their name because they are made of metal (although not necessarily brass). Today brass instruments have a separate part called the mouthpiece, which fits into the leadpipe, or small end, of the tubing. The player blows air through the mouthpiece, buzzing his or her lips against it. As with all instruments, the faster the vibration, the higher the pitch, and the shorter the tubing the higher the pitch. While modern woodwind instruments have many keys, modern brass instruments have three or four valves (if any) to help create different pitches. Pushing down a valve alters the pitch by accessing more tubing. Players must also change the speed of the air and the muscle tension in their lips while buzzing them to change pitches. String Instruments from Around the World According to the classification system developed by E.M. von Hornbostel and C. Sachs, all string instruments are called chordophones. Chordophones are instruments in which strings are stretched under tension, and sound is produced by causing strings to vibrate. This may be done by plucking, strumming, striking, or bowing the strings, or even allowing them to be blown by the wind, as in the case of the Aeolian harp. String instruments are known in every culture. String instruments can be divided into four categories: harps, zithers, lutes, and lyres. Because there are so many variations of these instruments, it is sometimes difficult to assign an instrument to one category. Pearson Education, Inc http://www.sbgmusic.com/html/teacher/reference/instrum.html Brass and String Instrument definition aerophones In the Sachs-Hornbostel hierarchical scheme for classifying musical instruments, aerophones are wind instruments - air is the primary vibrating agent causing sound. These include such instruments bull roarers, flutes, trombones or accordions. chordophones In the Sachs-Hornbostel classification scheme, these instruments all have strings or stretched between fixed points; harps, guitars, pianos, violins all fall into this category. idiophones Like membranophones, idiophones are also part of the Sachs-Hornbostel family of percussion instruments; sound is produced from the substance of the instrument itself - you shake them; no strings or drum heads required. These include rattles and bells, for example. membranophones Like idiophones, this is another family of percussion instruments categorized by the Sachs-Hornbostel system. You create sounds by striking or rubbing on the head, which is usually stretched hide or plastic. This family includes most drums