1. Molecular Phylogeny course: Sequence Information Students: Razick Ahmed Sabry Mehio Wissam Lydakis Apostolos Sathyanara Tejashwari

2. Introduction – Growth hormone Growth hormone (or somatotropin) is a protein hormone of about 190 amino acids Synthesized and secreted by cells called somatotrophs. A major participant in control of several complex physiologic processes, including growth and metabolism. Also of considerable interest as a drug used in both humans and animals.

3. Methods of Phylogeny Maximum Parsimony: Optimal tree is the one with the fewest mutations. Maximum Parsimony: Optimal tree is the one with the fewest mutations. Maximum Likelihood: Assigns probabilities to mutations. The optimal tree is the one with highest probability. Maximum Likelihood: Assigns probabilities to mutations. The optimal tree is the one with highest probability. Distance Matrix: The optimal tree is the one resulting from the least number of inter-species distance and evolution. Distance Matrix: The optimal tree is the one resulting from the least number of inter-species distance and evolution.

4. Approach Approach 1

5. Trying to prove (Approach Trying to prove (Approach 1) Evolution of pituitary growth hormone (GH) in mammals has generally been very slow but with short bursts of rapid change in the evolution of some groups. Such a period of rapid change occurred in the evolution of GH in primates or a primate ancestor and gave rise to the marked species specificity of human GH. By cloning and sequencing of GH genes from a prosimian, the slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), and a New World monkey, the marmoset, (Callithrix jacchus)it has been shown that … Evolution of pituitary growth hormone (GH) in mammals has generally been very slow but with short bursts of rapid change in the evolution of some groups. Such a period of rapid change occurred in the evolution of GH in primates or a primate ancestor and gave rise to the marked species specificity of human GH. By cloning and sequencing of GH genes from a prosimian, the slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), and a New World monkey, the marmoset, (Callithrix jacchus)it has been shown that … prosimian GH is similar in sequence to pig GH while marmoset GH resembles human GH

6. Approach Approach 1, Strategy Research already done suggests the following facts, Research already done suggests the following facts, “ The period of rapid change in sequence for GH during primate evolution occurred after the separation of lines leading to prosimians and higher primates and before divergence of lineages for New World monkeys and Old World monkeys/apes.” “ The period of rapid change in sequence for GH during primate evolution occurred after the separation of lines leading to prosimians and higher primates and before divergence of lineages for New World monkeys and Old World monkeys/apes.”

7. Approach Our results of Approach 1

9. Mammals Prosimians and higher primates New world monkey Old world monkey Human Other mammals Approach Approach 1, results suggests

10. Mammals Prosimians and higher primates New world monkey Old world monkey Other mammals Conclusion from Approach 1 Human

11. Approach Approach 2

12. Distance Matrix

13. Maximum Parsimony

14. Maximum Likelihood

15. Biological Interpretation It is obvious from the previous results that the human GH is different from that of the rabbit, pig, elephant, dog, cat, and alpaca. The trees suggest that the primates have a different GH than that of the other mammals. This hypothesis was proved by when lab experiments showed that only human and primate growth hormone have significant effects in humans, which suggests that the receptor for GH has also mutated in primates. It is obvious from the previous results that the human GH is different from that of the rabbit, pig, elephant, dog, cat, and alpaca. The trees suggest that the primates have a different GH than that of the other mammals. This hypothesis was proved by when lab experiments showed that only human and primate growth hormone have significant effects in humans, which suggests that the receptor for GH has also mutated in primates. It is noteworthy that GH tends to be similar among species that have similar looks, sizes, and body functions. It is noteworthy that GH tends to be similar among species that have similar looks, sizes, and body functions. Some studies showed that the “Slow Loris” constitutes the turning point of the evolution of GH among mammals, but the sequencing we conducted showed nothing of that, in fact the Slow Loris tended to show similarity with Some studies showed that the “Slow Loris” constitutes the turning point of the evolution of GH among mammals, but the sequencing we conducted showed nothing of that, in fact the Slow Loris tended to show similarity with

16. Conclusion Somewhere along the line of evolution of mammals there is a sharp mutation in GH, which led to the formation of primates. The latter evolved more and more to yield up species like chimpanzee and homo sapiens. Somewhere along the line of evolution of mammals there is a sharp mutation in GH, which led to the formation of primates. The latter evolved more and more to yield up species like chimpanzee and homo sapiens.

17. Macaca Back to Tree

18. Callithrix

19. Slow Loris Back to Tree