1. THE PRIMATES © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

2. Origins – tree shrews  Not Primates but closely related  Similar to the common ancestor of all placental mammals  Small, insectivorous, arboreal mammals Tree shrew (Lyonogale tana) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

3. Primate characteristics  Arborial  Grasping hands  Finger nails & finger pads with ridges  Binocular vision  Diurnal  Colour vision  Large brain  High degree of parental care  Long childhood © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

4. The Prosimians Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)

5. The Prosimians  Muzzel  Immobile upper lip  Developed sense of smell  Ears can orientate  Evolved from about 63 Ma © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

6. The Old World Monkeys Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

7. The Old World Monkeys  Narrow nose  Tail (when present) never prehensile  Mostly diurnal © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

8. The New World Monkeys Howler monkey (Alouatta sp.)

9. The New World Monkeys  Split from the old world monkeys about 40 Ma  Flat-nosed  More premolars  Long tails, some prehensile © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

10. The Apes Gibbon (Hylobates lar) Gorilla gorilla Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) © JGI

11. The Gibbons  From SE Asia  Small 5–7kg  Brachiators  No tail  Longevity: 25-30 years © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

12. The Apes - Orangutans  From SE Asia  Large ape females 40-50kg males 60-90 kg  Very flexible in their locomotion  No tail  Longevity: up to 35 years © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

13. The Apes – Gorillas and Chimpanzees  Large Chimps 30-40kg Gorilla female 90kg male 160kg  Knuckle walk and climb  No tail  Chimps use simple tools  Longevity 40 years  Gorilla herbivore  Chimp Omnivore © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS