1. Primate Interactions: Polyspecific Associations

2. Definition Dispersing individuals Groups of two or more species Permanent or moderate association Distribution Rare among prosimians, apes New and Old World Monkeys- common

3. Considerations…. Is it random? Is it mutually beneficial? Does it only benefit one party but not the other (neutral = commensalism)? Does it benefit one party and influence the other party negatively? (Parasitism)

4. Benefits Foraging –Avoid previously used areas –Increased insect capture rate –Share knowledge of food sources Predation –Detection faster, earlier –Avoidance (larger groups)

5. model Allen’s galago Needle clawed galago potto Demidoff’s galago Lorises

6. Examples Dispersing anecdotes Guenons (Africa) New World Primates- Manu, Peru (see Ch 8- Terborgh reading in coursepak).

7. Cebus and Saimiri Capuchin (Cebus) Squirrel monkey (Saimiri)

8. Type of Association Positive for Squirrel monkey, slightly negative for Capuchin Moderate association, seasonal To understand benefits... Who leads? What happens when species is alone? How is contact initiated?

9. Leadership Not necessarily who is in front –Large group size (squirrel monkeys) –Circumstances (type of activit or food (Table 8.1 in article, See graph next page)

10. Graph from Table 8.1 (article) - values are percents of both Cebus categories

11. Leadership? Capuchins more influential regarding group movements But Squirrel monkeys more actively try to maintain relationship with groups.

12. What happens when alone? Squirrel monkeys change behavior significantly more than capuchines when alone. –Travel further, faster –Seemed to actively seek other capuchin groups –Influence each other’s travel when together (graph next page).

13. Travel data (Table 8.2)

14. Who initiates contact? Squirrel monkeys seem to actively seek out Capuchin groups. Capuchin don’t make any vocal sounds when squirrel monkeys come and go. Squirrel monkeys are with capuchins more than capuchins with squirrel monkeys (see table 8.3).

15. Seasonal- Table 8.3 reworked

16. Benefits-Predation Capuchins have excellent predator detection skills (vocal, Vigilance) Squirrel monkeys are more intensive foragers, don’t pay attention as much (also smaller in size). Group size might benefit both.

17. Benefits- Foraging FRUIT –Squirrel monkeys learn where fruit trees are (but don’t leave?) –Exploit fruit/nuts of Scheelea Insect feeding –Improve insect flushing (not really…)

18. Summary Squirrel monkeys benefit… –Predator warning –Access to Scheelea nuts –Learn fruit source location (esp.when scarce) Capuchin –Negative- increased travel –Lose fruit perhaps –Possible selfish herd

19. Tamarins Saddle- backed Emperor

20. General comments Permanent associations Territorial Emperor Tamarins dominant to saddle- backed Not always coordinated but keep in contact with each other vocally.

21. Leadership (table 8.4) Vertical cling-leap

22. General notes Both may travel more when alone. Predation- not clear benefits because separated when feeding often. Foraging- not clear (overlap)

23. Territorial disputes Outcome of dispute between groups

24. Territorial benefits? Larger groups can actively displace smaller ones from resources. “don’t mess with me!”

25. Colobus and Guenons Colobus Red (left) Black and white (right) Cercopithecus Red-tailed (left) Blue monkey (mid) Mangabey (right)

26. Patterns of association Uganda Kenya

27. Forest differences?? Less overlap in diet between species Less likely to use the other for information Lower predation? Presence of other species (mangabeys, baboons, red colobus) Lower density of animals More overlap in diet, use each other for information More predation? Lower density of animals KibaleKakamanga

28. Benefits and costs Possible predator detection at Kakamanga (larger groups at Kibale) Red-tails gain knowledge of food sources from blue monkeys at Kakamanga. BUT red-tails do get chased. Both species travel further when in association.