1. Chapter 9 Overview of the Fossil Primates

2. Chapter Outline Introduction Primate Origins Paleocene Primate-like Mammals Eocene Primates Oligocene Primates Miocene Primates

3. Orthograde An upright body position. This term relates to the position of the head and torso during sitting, climbing, etc., and doesn’t necessarily mean an animal is bipedal.

4. Archonta The superorder designated the sister orders of tree shrews, flying lemurs, plesiadapiforms, and primates.

5. Map Showing Location of the Fossil Primates

7. Archonta The superorder designated for the sister orders of tree shrews, flying lemurs, plesiadapiforms, and primates.

8. Seven Epochs of the Cenozoic Paleocene (65 mya; primate-like mammals, aka Plesiadapiformes) Eocene (55.8 mya; first true primates, Prosimians) Oligocene (33 mya; early Catarrhines, precursors to monkeys and apes, emerge) Miocene (23 mya; monkeys and apes emerge, first humanlike creatures appear)

9. Seven Epochs of the Cenozoic Pliocene (5.3 mya; early humans diversify) Pleistocene (1.8 mya; early Homo develops) Holocene (0.01 mya; the present epoch)

10. Last Common Ancestor (LCA) The final evolutionary link between two related groups.

11. Question Monkeys, apes and the first humanlike creatures appeared during the: a) Pliocene. b) Eocene. c) Paleocene. d) Miocene.

12. Answer: d Monkeys, apes and the first humanlike creatures appeared during the Miocene.

13. Carpolestes Nearly complete skeleton of Carpolestes discovered in the Clarks Fork Basin of Wyoming. (a) Carpolestes as it was discovered. (b) Reconstructed skeleton (c) Artist’s rendering.

14. Eocene Primates Fossil primates from the Eocene display distinctive primate features. Looking at the whole array of Eocene primates, it is certain that they were: 1. Primates 2. Widely distributed 3. Mostly extinct by the end of the Eocene.

15. Teilhardina (a) View of the skull of Teilhardina from the top. (b) An artist’s reconstruction of Teilhardina, with areas in gray representing missing fragments.

16. Teilhardina The rapid westward dispersal of euprimates of the genus Teilhardina.

17. Early Eocene Primates: Features Chinese fossils dating from the early Eocene (55–45 m.y.a.) have three interesting features:  Forward rotation of the eyes makes them distinct from the lemur-loris lineage.  The cranium shows small eye sockets, suggesting they may have been diurnal.  They were all apparently extremely small, weighing less than 1 ounce.

18. Amphipithecids The teeth of the amphipithecids are misleading, but the mandibles betray their phylogenetic affinity as lower primates.

19. Convergent Evolution An example of convergent evolution: the skull of Archaeolemur (left) and a macaque monkey. Note how the lemur resembles the monkey in the shape of the jaw, teeth, and overall cranial form.

20. Subfossil Bone not old enough to have become completely mineralized as a fossil.

21. Bilophodonty Molars that have 4 cusps, oriented in 2 parallel rows, that resemble ridges or “lophs.” This is characteristic of Old World Monkeys.

22. Paleoprimatologist A person who specializes in the study of the nonhuman primate fossil record.

23. General Prosimian Characteristics 1. Smaller body size. 2. Longer snouts with greater emphasis on smell. 3. Eye sockets not completely enclosed in bone. 4. Dental comb. 5. Small simple premolars.

24. General Prosimian Characteristics 6. Primitive triangle-shaped molars. 7. Grooming claw. 8. Artery running through the middle ear bone. 9. Unfused mandible. 10. Unfused frontal bone. 11. Smaller brain size relative to body size.

25. General Anthropoid Characteristics 1. Generally larger body size 2. Shorter snouts with greater emphasis on vision 3. Back of eye socket formed by bony plate 4. Less specialized dentition, as seen in absence of dental comb and some other features 5. Larger and more complex premolars 6. Derived square-shaped molars with new cusp

26. General Anthropoid Characteristics 7. Nails instead of claws on all digits 8. Loss of the artery running through the middle ear bone 9. Fusion of the two sides of the mandible to form one bone 10. Fusion of the two sides of the frontal bone 11. Larger brain (in absolute terms and relative to body weight)

27. Catopithecus Three specimens of Catopithecus the earliest anthropoid genus to preserve a skull. These give us our first view of early catarrhine cranial anatomy including fully enclosed orbits.

28. Oligocene Primates The Oligocene (34–23 m.y.a.) yielded fossil remains of several species of early anthropoids. By the early Oligocene, continental drift had separated the New World from the Old World. It has been suggested that late in the Eocene or very early in the Oligocene, the first anthropoids arose in Africa and reached South America by “rafting” over the water separation on drifting chunks of vegetation.

29. Phyletic Relationships of Fayum Early Anthropoids and Living Catarrhines

30. Parapithecus Parapithecus belongs to the group of Fayum anthropoids that are most closely related to the ancestry of New World monkeys.

31. Aegyptopithecus Skull of Aegyptopithecus. This genus has been proposed as the ancestor of both Old World monkeys and hominoids.

32. Homunculus Skull of Homunculus, a middle Miocene descendant of the earliest platyrrhine radiation.

33. Question The majority of Old World primate fossils of the Oligocene epoch (33-24 m.y.a) come from: a) China. b) the Fayum Depression in Egypt. c) East Africa. d) the Arabian Peninsula.

34. Answer: b The majority of Old World primate fossils of the Oligocene epoch (33-24 m.y.a) come from the Fayum Depression in Egypt.

35. Cladogram Of Extant Groups of New World Monkeys

36. Continental Relationships During the Late Eocene The broken white line and surrounding shades of blue represent seafloor spreading, which caused continents to drift apart.

37. New World Monkey vs. Old World Monkey Characteristics Old World Monkeys 1. Downward facing nostrils 2. Tube-like ear hole 3. Dental formula of 2.1.2.3 4. Ischial callosities 5. Distribution: Africa, southern Asia and Japan New World Monkeys 1. Sideways facing nostrils 2. Ring-like ear hole with no tube 3. Dental formula of 2.1.3.3 4. Grasping tail 5. Distribution: Mexico and South America

38. Sister Group Two lineages that diverged from a particular common ancestor. Since sister groups share a common ancestor, they are each other’s closest relatives.

39. Victoriapithecus Skull of Victoriapithecus, the first Old World monkey.

40. Theropithecus Skull of brumpti, the most bizarre fossil monkey (inset). An artist’s rendering of Theropithecus on the landscape in the Omo Basin of Ethiopia about 3 mya.

41. Comparison of Bilophodont Molars Comparison of bilophodont molars as found in cercopithecoids and Y-5 molars as seen in hominoids. (a) Notice that the 4 cusps are positioned in 2 parallel rows or lobes. (b) See how the 5 cusps are arranged so that a Y- shaped valley runs between them.

42. Y-5 Molar Molars that have 5 cusps with grooves running between them, forming a Y shape. This is characteristic of hominoids.

43. Dental Ape An early ape that postcranially resembles a monkey, but dentally is hominoid (i.e., has a Y-5 molar configuration).

44. Diversity of Early Miocene Ape Mandibles The shapes and sizes of these mandibles and teeth illustrates the adaptive diversity of apes during this time. They ranged in size from that of a male orangutan through half the size of a modern gibbon and ate foods as varied as hard roots and soft fruit.

45. Proconsul Skull of Proconsul, the best known of the early Miocene dental apes.

46. Pliopithecus Pliopithecus, from the middle Miocene of Europe. The pliopithecoids were the first catarrhines to leave Africa. Since this skull is of a female, no sagittal crest is present, though strong temporal lines indicate the individual enjoyed a diet of hard plant items.

47. Old World Monkey vs. Ape Characteristics Ape 1. Broad nose and palate 2. Even larger brain 3. Y-5 molars 4. Larger average body size 5. Shorter torso 6. Longer arms 7. No tail Old World Monkey 1. Narrow nose and palate 2. Smaller brain 3. Bilophodont molars 4. Smaller average body size 5. Longer torso 6. Shorter arms 7. Tail

48. Dryopithecus Skull of Dryopithecus, the earliest European ape. The left side is reconstructed as a mirror image of the complete right side.

49. Ouranopithecus Ouranopithecus, possible ancestor of the African apes. Notice that the face shares many features with living African great apes, including large browridges and a wide distance between the eye orbits.

50. Sagittal Crest A ridge of bone that runs down the middle of the cranium like a short Mohawk. This serves as the attachment for the large temporal muscles, indicating strong chewing.

51. Comparison of Chimpanzee, Sivapithecus and Orangutan Modern chimpanzee (left), Sivapithecus (middle), and modern orangutan (right). Sivapithecus and the orangutan exhibit a dished face, broad cheekbones, and projecting maxilla and incisors.

52. Gigantopithecus An artist’s rendering of Gigantopithecus enjoying a meal of the tasty, but tough, tropical fruit known as durian.

53. Lufengpithecus Skull of a Lufengpithecus juvenile from the late Miocene of Yunnan Province, China.

54. Biomolecular Primate Family Tree