1. The Beginnings of Rome Ch. 13

2. I. The Founding of Rome *King Numitor overthrown by brother Amulius. *Amulius forbids Numitor’s daughter to have children. *She does and her twin son’s are put in the river to drown. to drown. *Discovered by a she wolf and nursed *As they grow older, they restore their grandfather to power. grandfather to power. *They then build cities of their own, when Remus jumps over the wall of Romulus when Remus jumps over the wall of Romulus city, Romulus gets angry and kills him. city, Romulus gets angry and kills him.

3. II. Etruscans *Settled in Etruria, north of Rome *Influenced the Romans -Passed alphabet on to the Romans -Passed alphabet on to the Romans -Passed Greek Gods on to the Romans -Copied Greek battle techniques -Soothsayers to predict the future -Slave fights evolved into the Gladiatorial Games

4. Greek and Roman Gods Aphrodite Venus Love and Beauty Ares MarsGod of War Hermes MercuryMessenger of Gods Poseidon NeptuneGod of the Sea Zeus Jupiter King of the Gods Hephaestus VulcanGod of Fire Cronus SaturnFather of the main God Uranus UranusFather of the Titans/Sky

5. Gladiatorial Games  Gladiator- person who fights for the purpose of entertainment  Gladiator=Gladius (sword)  Primarily slaves

6. Reasons Why Rome Wanted Gladiator Fights  Romans liked watching people die  Romans thought that there gods like watching gladiator fights also  When criminals were killed, the gods liked to see justice done

7. Types of Gladiators  Thracian - carried a small square shield, wore either a full visored helmet or an open faced helmet with a wide brim, and carried a curved Thracian sword with an angled bend in the blade.  Retairius - wore only a loin cloth and a metal shoulder- piece on the left arm, and carried a net, a dagger, and a trident or fish harpoon. Secutor - carrying a large oval or rectangular shield and a sword or dagger, leather bands at the elbow and wrists and a round or high- visored helmet. Andabatae Catervarii Dimacheri Equites Essedarii Hoplomachi Laqueatores Meridiani Myrmillo Ordinarii Provocator Retiarius Samnite Secutor Thracian

8. Weapons  fascina: harpoon  galea: visored helmet galea  galerus: metal shoulder piece  gladius: sword gladius  hasta: lance hasta  iaculum: net  manicae: leather elbow or wrist bands  ocrea: metal or boiled leather greave ocrea  parma: round shield parma  scutum: large shield scutum  sica: curved scimitar  subligaculum: loin cloth

9. Gladiator Information  Gladiators were different from Roman citizens because most of them were slaves  Patricians paid for the close up seats, while the poor got the far seats where it was hard to see  Gladiators had to fight for 3-5 years to earn there freedom

10. Other Gladiator Information  Slaves were mostly the people that fought each other  Gladiators fought wild animals  Gladiators used the armor and weapons that best fitted them  Romans treated the animals badly and didn’t feed them.  Usually the gladiator fights were to the death

11. III. Etruscans and Romans  616BC Lucius Tarquinias overthrows Roman King and takes over Rome  Etruscan influences Arch in building Arch in building Sewer system Sewer system Alphabet Alphabet Gladiatorial games Gladiatorial games Triumph Triumph Fasces Fasces

12. Reconstruction of an Etruscan Temple

13. Etruscan Cemetery

14. Etruscan Funeral & Tomb

15. Interior of an Etruscan Tomb

16. Sarcophagus of an Etruscan Couple

17. Gladiatorial Games

18. Roman Aquaduct

20. Arch Bridge

21. Suspension Bridge

22. Design of suspension bridge

23. Arch

24. Fasces- symbol of authority

25. Etruscan tomb

26. Etruscan vessel

27. March 5, 120 AD (example)  Today was an exciting day. I got to go to the Roman Coliseum and witness the Gladiatorial Games. The Coliseum is the largest arena I have ever seen. It is oval shaped and seats 50,000 spectators. It has many different levels with the upper levels reserved for the poor and women. Lower levels for the rich. It even has a velarium that goes over top to protect the spectators from the sun. As I took my seat the Gladiators were paraded around the arena. Before the games began, they bowed before the Emperor and said “those who are about to die, salute you”. They showed tremendous respect for the Emperor. The first pair to fight was a Thracian Gladiator, equipped with a small shield and curved sword fought against a Retiarri Gladiator, who carried a trident and a net. It was exciting to watch as the Retiarri used his net to trip up the Thracian and eventually thrust his trident into his throat, killing him almost instantly. The spectators went wild when they saw the blood squirting from the Thracians throat. The games continued on for several hours before ending. Later on they even had tigers fight against Gladiators. It was truly an exciting day, and one that I will never forget!