1. Cytology – The Study of Cells

2. Discovery of The Cell
Robert Hooke (mid 1600s) – looked at thin slice of cork (plant material)
Saw that cork was made of thousands of tiny, empty chambers
Reminded him of the monastery’s tiny rooms called cells
Rila Monastery in Bulgaria

3. Many Observations Later
1838 German botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded all plants were made of cells
1855 German physician, Rudolf Virchow, concluded that news cells could be produced by existing cells
THE CELL THEORY
Left: Matthias S.
Right:

4. The Cell Theory States:
1.) All living things are composed of cells 2.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things 3.) New cells are produced by preexisting cells

5. 2 Types of Cells
Two main types of cells:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

6. Prokaryotes
1. Cells that do not contain a nucleus (control center of the cell)
2. Smaller and simpler
3. No membrane-bound organelles (small structures within the cell)
3. Genetic material is NOT contained in the nucleus
Example: bacteria

7. Eukaryotes
1.) Contains a nucleus (control center) 2.) Larger / More Complex 3.) Contain dozens of tiny membrane bound structures called organelles 4.) Many structures are highly specialized 5.) Genetic material IS contained in a nucleus

8. Eukaryotes Continued:
Some eukaryotes are single-celled organisms
Some are multicellular (many cells) – plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Green algea protist

9. Differences and Similarities
Prokaryotes
Similarities
Eukaryotes
No nucleus
Contain DNA as genetic material ( may be in different forms)
Nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles ( mitochondria, ER, etc.)
Cell membrane
Contains many membrane bound organelles
Unicellular organisms – bacteria and archaea
Both contain ribosomes
Multicellular organisms – plants, animals, fungi, protists
1-10 um
Both very diverse um
DNA floats freely
DNA contained in nucleus

10. The Wacky History of Cells

11. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Think of a Factory: Mechanisms buzz and clatter, people are moving quickly, in different directions Cells are like Factories
Many structures in eukaryotic cells act like specialized organs so they were given the name “organelles”

12. Eukaryotic Cell Parts
Two major parts
1.) Nucleus
2.) Cytoplasm

13. The Cytoplasm - portion of the cell outside the nucleus
The cytoplasm and the nucleus wok together in the business of life

14. The Nucleus
The same way a main office controls the factory, the nucleus is the control center of the cell.
Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA
Coded instructions for making proteins

15. The Nucleus The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope
-Contains thousands of tiny pores – allows materials to move in and out of cell
-like messages moving in and out of an office, there is a steady stream of information ( proteins, RNA, and other molecules moving into and out the nucleus)

16. The Nucleus
The granular material you can see in the nucleus is called chromatin
Chromatin is DNA bound to protein.
Chromatin is spread throughout the nucleus
When a cell divides, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

17. Ribosomes
One of the most important jobs in a cellular “factory” is making proteins
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes
Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout cytoplasm

18. Ribosome
Ribosomes produce polypeptide chains which are then folded into proteins by following the coded instructions given to them by the nucleus (the boss)

19. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Known as the internal membrane system
Nickname is the “ER”
Found close to the nucleus
Where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two types: Rough ER – involved with the synthesis of proteins (contains ribosomes along surface – why it looks “rough” Smooth ER – contains enzymes that perform special tasks ( synthesis of lipids ); NO RIBOSOMES Liver cells – detoxifying drugs, often contain lots of smooth ER

21. Golgi Apparatus The “mailroom” of the cell
Proteins produced in the rough ER move here
Appears as a stack of pancakes
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside of the cell
From the Golgi Apparatus, proteins are “shipped” to their final destinations

22. Lysosomes Cleanup crew of a factory
Small organelles filled with enzymes
Function is to digest ( breakdown) lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules for the rest of the cell to use
Serious human diseases like Tay-Sachs disease, can be traced to lysosomes that fail to function properly
Rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
Appears in infancy

23. Vacuoles Storage room of the cell
Store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
In plant cells, there is a single, large central vacuole filled with liquid (the pressure of this vacuole allows the plant to support heavy structures like leaves and flowers)

24. Vacuoles Continued
Paramecium ( single-celled organism) contains a contractile vacuole
By contracting, it is able to pump excess water out of the cell. This allows the paramecium to maintain homeostasis – a controlled internal environment

25. Mitochondria
All living things require an energy source. Factories are hooked up to a power company but what about cells?
Nearly all eukaryotic cells (including plants) contain mitochondria
Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds more convenient for the cell to use

26. Mitochondria
Enclosed by two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane
The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle

27. Mitochondria – Interesting Facts
All, or nearly all, of our mitochondria comes from the cytoplasm of the ovum, or egg cell
This means that all of the mitochondria you possess in your body came from your mom!

28. Chloroplasts
Also considered the energy source within cells – the Solar Power Plant
Found in plants and some other organisms
Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

29. Chloroplasts Like mitochondria, surrounded by two membranes
Inside the organelle are large stacks of other membranes, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll

30. Organelle DNA
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the ONLY organelles that contain their own DNA besides the nucleus
Lynn Margulis, an American biologist, suggested that mitochondria and chloroplasts are actually descendents of ancient prokaryotes
Suggests that the prokaryotic ancestors of the organelles developed a symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotes taking up residence within them.

31. Cytoskeleton
A factory building is supported by steel or cement beams and by columns that support its walls and roof
A network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape
It is also involved in movement

32. Cell Membrane
A factory has a fence surrounded the premises to keep unauthorized personal out of the area
Just like a factory, the cell has a thin, flexible barrier surrounding it known as the cell membrane.

33. Cell Membrane Continued
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Also provides protection and support
The cell membrane is double layered and is made up of phospholipids : phospholipid bilayer

34. Cell Membrane Continued
In addition, the phospholipid bilayer also contains proteins and other molecules
“Mosaic of Different Molecules”

35. Cell Wall
Present in many organisms like plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes
Animal cells DO NOT contain a cell wall, however, both plant and animal cells have cell membranes
Provides support and protection for the cell