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Evolution of the Family Evolution by Kin Selection Genetic Trait Expressed in Actor (Ego) Must Affect Genotypic Fitness of Individual Related to Actor at Locus Determining Trait Altruism, Selfishness, Mutualism
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Evolution of the Family Evolution by Kin Selection Kin-Based Altruism Helpers at the Nest (Diploids) Sterile Worker Caste, Eusociality (Haplo-Diploids)
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Evolution of the Family Proximity of Relatives Competition Among Kin Dominant, Subordinate Offspring Siblicide, Fratricide Brood Reduction (By Offspring Sex) “Weaning” Conflict
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Gauthier & Barrette. 1985. Behaviour 94:128.
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Feeding of Fawns in 2 Deer Spp As Fawns Age Fewer Bouts Decreasing Proportion Initiated by Mother More Frequent Rejection by Mother Fawn Independence Increases; Mother Future Reproduction
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Packard et al. 1992. Canadian J. Zool. 70:1269. Arctic Wolves Dominant Female Suckling Less Frequent & Bouts End Sooner as Cubs Age
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Packard et al. 1992. Canadian J. Zool. 70:1269.
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Feeding of Cubs in Arctic Wolf Standard Pattern in Frequency, Initiation & Termination As Offspring Age Predict Why Close Kin “Fight?”
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Parenting Parental Care Per Se Traditional Darwinian Explanation Adequate, But Can Justify via Hamilton’s Rule Parent-Offspring Conflict: Parent Gives Care to Offspring Offspring Demands Parental Resource
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Parent-Offspring Conflict Parent-Offspring Conflict (Diploidy) Parent Altruism Offspring Selfishness Close Relatives: Hamilton’s Rule (General)
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Parent-Offspring Conflict If Parent Allocates Resources to Offspring: B Benefit to Offspring C Cost to Parent, Loss of Future Reproductive Success r (Parent to Offspring) = 1/2
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Kin Selection Parent Allocate Resources to Offspring? Parent Allocate Resources to Offspring? Hamilton’s Rule: Increase Parent’s Inclusive Fitness r B – C > 0, Implying C/B < (1/2) Parental Altruism Favored
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Kin Selection Offspring Demand Parental Resources? Offspring Demand Parental Resources? Hamilton’s Rule Generalized: Increase Offspring Inclusive Fitness E S Effect on Self = B E R Effect on Relative (Parent) = - C r (Offspring to Parent) = 1/2
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Kin Selection Offspring Demand Parental Resources? Offspring Demand Parental Resources? Increase Offspring Inclusive Fitness E S + r E R > 0 B – (1/2) C > 0; C/B < 2 Offspring Selfishness Favored
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Kin Selection C/B < ½ Parental Altruism Favored C/B < 2 Offspring Selfishness Favored ½ < C/B < 2 Parent Should Not Be Altruistic Offspring Should Be Selfish Kin Conflict
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Kin Selection Selfish Genes Can Lead, Evolutionarily, To Cooperation and Altruism Gene Spreads by Helping Other Individuals Carry Same Gene Hamilton’s Rule; Hamilton’s Conjecture
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Kin Selection Limited Dispersal (of Newborns) Makes Neighbors Close Relatives Enough Local Relatedness Might Lead to Cooperation/Altruism Toward Any Neighbor
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Kin Selection Viscous Population, Low Dispersal, Relatives = Neighbors Limited Dispersal Also Can Make Relatives Close Competitors Competitive Local Conflict Over Resources Negate Effect of Kin?
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Limited Dispersal and Kin Evolution of Cooperation Relatedness Promotes (Hamilton) Local Competition Impedes Interaction
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Local & Global Scales Behavioral Interactions Local, Ephemeral Drive Ecological, Evolutionary Dynamics Ecology, Evolution Global (Population), Extended Timescale
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