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Design of Timber Structures

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Presentation on theme: "Design of Timber Structures"— Presentation transcript:

1 Design of Timber Structures

2 Timber as a structural material
The oldest construction material and still one of the most versatile A natural material with inherent flaws and variability We need to recognize its strengths and weaknesses Timber design therefore as much an art as a science

3 One of nature’s most efficient structures:
an Arbutus tree facing the onslaught of West Coast storms

4 Decay of wood Requirements: nutrition (wood) modest temperature (~ 20 C) moisture (the only one that can be readily controlled)

5 Preservative treatment of wood in marine environment

6 Decay in a poorly constructed building envelope

7 Wet column bases

8 Comparative material properties
Stress (MPa) -20 -100 -200 -400 300 30 20 10 -10 400 -300 200 100 mild steel wood (parallel to grain) concrete Strain, %

9 Fire resistance One of the biggest challenges in light timber construction Also an important benefit of heavy timber construction

10 Reliability and Safety
Load distributions Strength distributions Probability of occurrence Probability of failure (overlap area) Load, Resistance

11 Safety Factors Load distribution Strength distribution
Probability of occurrence Global safety factor = Ravg/Lavg Lavg Ravg Probability of failure (overlap area) Load, Resistance

12 Safety factors Load distribution Probability of occurrence Resistance
Nominal safety factor = R95/L05 95th percentile 5th percentile L95 R05 Load, Resistance Measure of safety

13 Safety Index β = Safety Index Load distribution Strength distribution
Probability of occurrence Probability of occurrence Probability of failure (overlap area) (Resistance – Load) distribution β = Safety Index Probability of failure β (SDEV) Resistance - Load

14 Normal Distribution Probability of occurrence Resistance distribution
1.645 SDEV Probability of occurrence Resistance distribution R05 Ravg Load, Resistance

15 Design equation L ≤  R Factored Action ≤ Factored Resistance
From National Building Code (same for all materials) From material specific design code, e.g. O86.1 L ≤  R Load factor Resistance (R05) Load (L95) Calibration factor

16 Material properties of wood
… imagine a bundle of straws held together with elastic bands lignin cellulose fibres tension parallel to grain compression parallel to grain tension perpendicular to grain compression perpendicular to grain shear

17 Design properties (approximate values, D-fir No.1/2)
Strength property Clear wood (MPa) Structural timber (MPa) Tension parallel to grain ( ft ) 20 6 Compression parallel to grain ( fc ) 18 14 Tension perpendicular to grain ( ftp ) 1 Compression perpendicular to grain ( fcp ) 8 Bending ( fb ) 30 10 Shear parallel to grain ( fv )

18 Consequences of different design values
Avoid tension perpendicular and shear stresses at all cost Make use of compression strength of wood as much as possible Simplify connections and use compression load transfer when possible Avoid stress concentrations and complex stress patterns

19 Brittle failure of wood
Tension perpendicular to grain Tension parallel to grain Shear

20 Factors that affect the strength of clear wood
Decay Direction of load w.r.t. grain orientation Others ….. ?

21 Compression perpendicular
Effect of density Density values: Douglas fir 0.49 Pine Hemlock 0.43 Spruce Modulus of elasticity 200 Modulus of rupture 150 Compression parallel Strength (MPa) 100 Compression perpendicular 50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Relative density

22 Defects that affect the strength of timber
Grading of timber Defects that affect the strength of timber

23 Visual Grading of Lumber
Lumber is sorted for a specific application, e.g. For tension members all knots and defects have a significant effect For beams and stringers, the grader focuses on edge knots For posts and timbers sloped grain is more important The larger the members, the higher the probability of missing some important defects

24 The sorting process Sorting by species Visual grading
Species of similar strength characteristics are lumped together Visual grading A certified grader sorts wood by hand according to visual appearance Lumber gets sorted according to end use Grading criteria: Knots (type, location, size, frequency), wane, checks, slope of grain, pitch pockets Mechanical grading

25 Testing of lumber Tension test Bending test Strength distribution
Probability of occurrence Strength 5th percentile value Proof load Full size members are tested To failure (full distribution is obtained) Up to a proof load (only lower tail end of distribution is obtained)

26 Use of dimension lumber in residential construction

27 Platform construction

28 Platform construction

29 Residential construction

30 Design values for structural joists and planks (MPa)
General purpose members

31 Design values for beams and stringers (MPa)

32 Beams and stringers on the flat
Adjustment factors when using beams or stringers on the flat: fb E or E05 Select Structural No.1 or No

33 for specific applications
Variability of material properties Bridging (load sharing) Selection of members for specific applications (grading) Engineered wood products (less variability) Closely spaced members (load sharing)

34 Large glulam beams in buildings and bridges
Defects are distributed among many laminations Large glulam beams in buildings and bridges

35 Design values for Douglas fir glulam (MPa)

36 Design concepts Engineered wood product Probability of occurrence Load
distribution Engineered wood product Sawn lumber Probability of occurrence Probability of failure (overlap area) Load, Resistance

37 Engineered wood products - pick the best member for each application
laminated veneer lumber I-joists laminated strand lumber oriented strandboard finger-jointed studs plywood

38 Structural design To minimize the probability of a very high stress (extreme load case) occurring at a location of very low strength (extreme weakness) low strength area high stress area

39 These elements for shearwalls only
Wall construction These elements for shearwalls only

40 Loads on walls Gravity loads (dead load, snow, occupancy) Shear loads
(wind, earthquake) Lateral loads (wind)

41 moisture content of wood (%)
Shrinkage of wood 10 shrinkage (%) 5 tangential shrinkage radial shrinkage lengthwise shrinkage 5 10 15 20 25 30 moisture content of wood (%)

42

43 Wood shrinkage in platform construction
2x12 (38x235) joists 2x4 (38x89) top plates When using green wood (25% MC) 5% results in (0.05)( ) = 15.6mm

44 Post and beam construction

45 Post and beam construction C.K. Choi building, UBC campus

46 Design values for posts and timbers (MPa)

47 Mechanical grading of lumber
P MSR Machine stress rating non-destructive continuous feed elastic modulus is measured over entire length and averaged E-values are correlated with strength values Visual Probability of occurrence 5th percentile values Strength

48 Design values for MSR lumber (MPa)
Note: no species separation

49 Use of MSR lumber in trusses

50 Engineered wood products
A way to reduce the variability of the material Use low quality material to produce a high-grade product Use high quality material in high stress zones No size limitations (almost) Can be made for special applications

51 Shrinkage in woodframe construction

52 Shrinkage in connections

53 Wood properties and connection design
Avoid connections as much as possible Work with the strong properties of wood (compression) Avoid weak properties (tension perpendicular and shear) Consider shrinkage Design for durability Strive for simplicity

54 Efficient use of timber for a long span roof (minimal connections)

55 Bearing connections

56 Bearing connections

57 Bearing connections

58 Bearing connections

59 Complex connections ??

60 The connection palace

61 Wood in bending and compression

62 The ultimate tree ??

63


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