2. 1-must be withen normal body temperature 2-must be clear, strile,no turbidity &no p.p.t 3-must be injected slowly I/V

3. A-Electrolytes  Saline solution (0.9%Nacl)→dehydration  Ringer solution(Na,K,Cl&Ca)→diarrhea  Ringer lactate solution(as ringer solution +lactate) B-Glucose or dextrose→for energy supply  5%→as fluid therapy  10-25%→as a source of enenrgy and renal wash  25-40%→in case of ketosis  50%→as diuretic in case of renal failure C-Antacids*NaHCo3  isotonic solution (1.3%)→mild acidosis  hypertonic solution (5%)→sever acidosis

4. D-Mixture of (2 litter of Nacl 0.9% + 1 litter of Kcl 1.1% + 1 litter of dextrose 5%)  in case of abomasal displacement to correct the metabalkalosis,hypokalemia &hypoolic cloremia E-Blood transfusion→in case of sever haemorrhage **technique 1. the blood must be from the same species,breed&age or from the dam if possible 2. by 30 min. Before transfusion →inject (50-100ml) of blood S/C to detect the anaphylactic reaction 3. if no reaction transfere the blood from the donar animal at rate of 1 litter/100 kg B.wt. withen 72 hours,collecetd on anticoagulant(1/4 gm sodium citrate /100 ml blood) 4. the blood may be stored in refregerator for 3-4days &filtrated by strile gauze before use