1. i Speak 2010 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 7 Delivering Speeches

2. Slide 2 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Delivering Speeches  What is Effective Delivery?  What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?  Question-and-Answer Sessions  How Can You Improve Your Delivery?

3. Slide 3 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Effective Delivery?  Delivery should enhance the message, not distract listeners –Conversational, natural, and spontaneous –Select a topic in which you have a keen interest or deep convictions –Begin practicing basics –Observe experienced public presenters

4. Slide 4 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Extemporaneous mode  Memorized mode  Manuscript mode  Impromptu mode

5. Slide 5 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Extemporaneous mode –Sounds conversational –Presentation delivered from outline or from brief notes –Most often taught –Requires considerable effort –Not practiced to the point of memorization

6. Slide 6 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Extemporaneous mode –Advantages Most versatile Demands attention to public speaking preparation Allows high-quality communication Invites bodily movement, gestures, and rapid nonverbal response to audience feedback Key word outline easier to use –Disadvantages Requires practice and effort Could change meaning

7. Slide 7 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Memorized mode –Committing a presentation to memory –Presenter also rehearses gestures, eye contact, and movement –Best when performance is more important than communication with the audience –Oratory contests, lecture circuit, and banquet speeches common place for memorized mode

8. Slide 8 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Memorized mode –Advantages Maximum use of delivery skills –Disadvantages Permits little or no adaptation Recovery more difficult after a mistake Can sound memorized

9. Slide 9 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Manuscript mode –Writing out complete presentation in advance and using that manuscript to deliver speech –Used when presenter has to be precise, avoid errors, and defend every word

10. Slide 10 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Manuscript mode –Advantages Prevents slips of the tongue and poor wording –Disadvantages Reduces eye contact Hinders audience adaptation Might cause less frequent use of gestures Might affect vocal variety Can cause pacing to become too rapid or too slow

11. Slide 11 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Impromptu mode –Giving a presentation without advance preparation –Requires a moment to compose thoughts and identify important points

12. Slide 12 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are the Four Modes of Delivery?  Impromptu mode –Advantages Reveals your skill in unplanned circumstances Opportunity to think on your feet and be spontaneous –Disadvantages Discourages audience analysis Discourages planned research Discourages detailed preparation Outcome is uncertain

13. Slide 13 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 7.1.b: Four Modes of Delivery

14. Slide 14 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Adjust Your Rate to Content, Audience, and Situation –Rate – speed of delivery Needs to be adapted to each situation  Use Pause for Effect –Pause – brief silence for effect –Vocalized pause – way of delaying with sound Do not be afraid of silence

15. Slide 15 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Use Duration for Attention –Duration – how long something lasts  Use Rhythm to Establish Tempo –Rhythm – tempo of a speech Usually starts slowly then accelerates in body Conclusion typically slows in review Alliteration – repetition of initial sounds of words

16. Slide 16 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Use Pitch for Expression –Pitch – highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice, or the melody produced by the voice Learn pitch control through constant practice  Use Volume for Emphasis –Volume – relative loudness or softness of your voice

17. Slide 17 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Use Enunciation for Clarity –Enunciation – pronunciation and articulation of words –Pronunciation – production of the sounds of a word –Articulation – physiological process of creating sounds Check pronunciation in dictionary Prolong syllables Malapropisms (mistaking one word for another) based on articulation errors

18. Slide 18 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Use Fluency for Fluidity –Fluency – smoothness of delivery, the flow of the words, and absence of vocalized pauses Must be confident in content If you practiced the words, disruptive repetition and vocalized pauses are unlikely to occur

19. Slide 19 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Use Fluency for Fluidity –Addition – adding an extra sound to a word “pic-a-nic” “ath-a-lete” “real-ah-toor” –Deletion – dropping a sound from a word “rassberry” “liberry” “goin” “possum”

20. Slide 20 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Voice Effectively?  Use Fluency for Fluidity –Substitution – replacing one sound with another “git” “ruff” “tomata” –Transposition – reversing two sounds “perfessor” “hunderd”

21. Slide 21 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?  Use Eye Contact to Hold Audience Attention –Eye contact – way a presenter observes the audience while speaking Audiences prefer maintenance of good eye contact Improves the credibility of the presenter Varies with gender, personality, and culture Improve eye contact by knowing the presentation Scan the audience for friendly faces

22. Slide 22 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?  Use Facial Expression to Communicate –Facial expression uses eyes, eyebrows, forehead, and mouth to communicate –Shows how we feel –Presenters who vary facial expression are viewed as more credible –Constant smiling may communicate submissiveness or nervousness

23. Slide 23 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?  Use Gestures to Reinforce Message –Gestures – motions of the hands or body for emphasis or expression Have to work to make public speaking look easy Gestures differ with size of audience and formality of occasion With practice, you will learn which natural movements seem to help

24. Slide 24 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?  Use Bodily Movement for Purpose –Movement – what you do with your entire body during a presentation Try to face audience even when moving Avoid purposeless movement Distance between presenter and audience is significant

25. Slide 25 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Use Your Body to Communicate Effectively?  Wear Appropriate Attire –Wear clothing that is typical for your audience –Avoid clothing or jewelry that is likely to distract your audience from the message –Wear clothing and accessories that contribute to your credibility

26. Slide 26 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Question-and-Answer Sessions  Prepare for handling questions when you are presented with them –Consider possible questions beforehand and prepare thoughtful and thorough responses –Check your understanding of the question, repeat it, and ask for clarification –Do not become defensive or angry –Be truthful and sincere in your answers –Try to “manage” the Q&A

27. Slide 27 © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How Can You Improve Your Delivery?  Steps to improve your delivery –Start with detailed working outline –Distill outline into speaking outline –Practice alone in front of a mirror –Practice in front of others –Practice with minimal notes in an empty classroom or a similarly sized place –Use past critiques –Watch a video tape