1. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
chemical reactions can happen at different rates
anything that increases contact between particles increases the rate of reaction
at higher temperatures particles move faster
because faster particles move more, they have a higher chance to collide and react
therefore reactions are faster at higher temperatures

2. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
increasing the surface area of a reactant increases the rate of a reaction
there are more particles exposed to collide with
if we add more particles to the same volume, the particles will collide more often
increasing concentration of reactants speeds up reactions
at high pressure gases are closer together so they collide more
high pressure increases reaction rates

3. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
more massive particles move slower than smaller ones at the same temperature
smaller particles react faster than larger particles
catalyst –
a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly
most solid catalysts speed up reactions by providing a place for reactants to gather and react
catalysts that slow reactions are called inhibitors

4. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
enzyme –
catalyst for chemical reactions in living things
is a molecule such as a protein or RNA
each different enzyme controls one reaction
they are very fragile
substrate –
reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
- a substrate fits into the active site on an enzyme and undergoes a reaction

5. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
some reactions can go in both directions
they are called reversible reactions
chemical equilibrium –
a state of balance in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products and reactants remain unchanged
- a system in equilibrium responds to change by doing whatever is required to get back to equilibrium

6. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
this means the reaction starts going more in one direction than the other
Le Chatelier’s principle –
if a change is made to a system in chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to oppose the change until a new equilibrium is reached
- when we say favors the reaction that means we make more of that side

7. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
things that change effect on equilibrium temperature increasing temperature favors the reaction that absorbs energy pressure increasing pressure favors the reaction that produces fewer molecules of gas concentration increasing the concentration of one substance favors the reaction that produces less of that substance

8. Chapter 7.4 – Reaction Rates
the Haber process converts nitrogen from the air to ammonia used in fertilizer and plastics
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) + heat
if we increase temperature, energy is absorbed on the left, so the reaction moves left, and we make more reactants
if we increase pressure, there is fewer moles of gas on the right, so the reaction moves right, and we make more product
if we increase the amount of NH3, the reaction moves left, and we make more reactants