1. Q and A for Section 5.1 CS 106, Fall 2014

2. While loop syntax Q: The syntax for a while statement is: while _______________ : _____________ A: while : or, condition

3. Difference from for loop Q: How often does a while loop execute its ? A: until the boolean condition is False. Note: that’s how it differs from for loop.

4. while loop vs. for loop Q: When would you use a while loop instead of a for loop? A: When you don't know how many times you need to run the body of the loop. For loop is definite iteration; while loop is indefinite iteration.

5. Changing the condition Q: Suppose you have a while loop like this: while var1 var2: Is it good/bad/ugly to alter the value of var1 or var2 in the body of the loop? A: You almost *always* alter the value of var1 or var2 in the body, or you would have an infinite loop.

6. while loop vs. index-based for loop for i in range(len(data)): use data[i] in body i = 0 while i < len(data): use data[i] in body i = i + 1

7. Infinite loop? Q: When would a while loop run forever (i.e., when would it be an infinite loop)? A: When the boolean expression is always True.

8. Newton’s Method getSqrtOf = float(raw_input(“Enter a number: “)) # Set oldEst and newEst to any initial values oldEst = 1.0 newEst = 4.0 # while last 2 estimates are quite different while abs(newEst - oldEst) > 0.0000001: # store previous estimate in oldEst oldEst = newEst # compute a new estimate and print it newEst = (oldEst + getSqrtOf / oldEst) / 2.0

9. Q: Thwarting an infinite loop Q: How would we make sure the following code does not run forever (without changing do_stuff() or update_x())? while some_cond(x): do_stuff() x = update_x(x)

10. A: Thwarting an infinite loop num_runs = 0 while some_cond(x) and num_runs < 10000: do_stuff() x = update_x(x) num_runs += 1

11. Checking for item in list (p 162) Q. What is bad about this loop (where you search for item val in list data )? found = False for item in data: if item == val: found = True A. Continues searching even after the item is found.

12. Checking for item in list (p 162) Q. What is bad about this loop (where you search for item val in list data )? for item in data: if item == val: found = True else: found = False A. It is wrong! If you find an item but there are more items, you “reset” found to False.

13. Checking for item in list (p 162) Q. Why have i < len(data) in this code? i = 0 found = False while i < len(data) and not found: if data[i] == val: found = True else: i = i + 1 A. This is index-based search. You have to make sure i does not “go off” the end of the list, if val is not in the list.

14. While loops and user input Q: What is bad about this code? guests = [] name = raw_input(“Enter a name (blank to end): “) while name != “”: guests.append(name) name = raw_input(“Enter a name (blank to end): “) print “You entered”, len(guests), “guests.” A: The line name = raw_input… has to be written twice…

15. While loops and user input (2) Q: What is bad about this fix? guests = [] name = ‘fake’ while name != “”: name = raw_input(“Enter a name (blank to end): “) if name != “”: guests.append(name) print “You entered”, len(guests), “guests.” A: We are now testing the “stop condition” twice!

16. While loops and user input (3) Q: What is wrong with this fix? guests = [] name = ‘fake’ while name != “”: name = raw_input(“Enter a name (blank to end): “) guests.append(name) print “You entered”, len(guests), “guests.” A: We are now inserting the empty string at the end of the guests list. Fix by adding guests.pop() before the print statement.

17. While loops and user input (4) Best solution: use break (duh!) guests = [] while True: name = raw_input(“Enter a name (blank to end): “) if name == “”: break guests.append(name) print “You entered”, len(guests), “guests.” Using break in this manner allows you to do a “mid- loop” test. Otherwise, we can only do “pre-loop” test.

18. Rewrite this code number = 0 while not 1 <= number <= 10: number = int(raw_input(“Enter a single digit: “)) if not 1 <= number <= 10: print ‘Your number is not a single digit.’

19. Rewrite this code: Answer while True: number = int(raw_input(“Enter a single digit: “)) if 1 <= number <= 10: break else: print ‘Your number is not a single digit.’

20. What is wrong with this code? while i < j: # or a for statement someCode() someMoreCode() if some_condition(): break continue A: Don’t need continue at the end of a loop body – it will go back to the top anyway!

21. Efficiency Q: Are there instances where while loops are always more efficient than if statements? Which is more efficient: while loops or for loops? A: while and if are different (although syntactically very similar). while is a loop; if is a single test. for and while have generally the same efficiency.

22. Why don’t the authors like break/continue? A: The authors are, perhaps, purists. It *is* nice to be able to look at a loop and know that you enter it from the top, and exit it when the loop is all done ( for ) or the condition is False ( while ). If you have break in the middle, you create another “exit point”. There is a branch of CS where you try to prove that code is correct, with pre-conditions, mid-conditions, post-conditions, etc. That goes out the door with break.

23. Old Slides

24. continue statement Used only within a loop body – in loop body itself, or within a body within the loop body. – for while loops and for loops. Makes control go back to the top of the loop. Often used when code detects that nothing else needs to be done with the current element of the loop.

25. One use of continue : to filter # Plot each earthquake, skipping comment lines # and the header line. for line in input_lines: fields = line.split() if len(fields) == 0: # skip blank line continue if fields[0].startsWith("#"): # skip comment lines continue if fields[0] == 'Src': continue # do stuff with fields.

26. break statement also used only in loop body -- for loop or while loop. causes control to pass to first line after end of loop body. – i.e., you "break" out of the loop. useful for when searching through a sequence until you find what you are looking for. allows you to make a “mid-loop test”.

27. Mid-loop test while statement is pre-loop test Other languages have post-loop test: repeat: do_stuff() until Using while True and break, you can do mid-loop test. (Useful for getting user input.) while True: do_stuff() if : break do_other_stuff()

28. Example of use of break # find if num is a prime isPrime = True # assume it is prime for div in range(2, num / 2 + 1): if num % div == 0: # divides with no remainder # found a divisor so num is not prime isPrime = False break # isPrime is True mean num is a prime number.

29. Example of use of break # looking for first room with someone in it. found = False for room in rooms: if not room.is_empty(): found = True break if found: room.invite_to_dance_the_night_away()

30. Practice while loops Problem: Convert the following into an index- based loop: for g in groceries: print g Answer: for i in range(len(groceries)): print groceries[i]

31. Practice while loops Problem: Convert the following into a while loop: for g in groceries: print g Answer: i = 0 while i < len(groceries): print groceries[i] i += 1

32. More practice: robots and obstacles Problem: Given a function seeObstacle() that returns True when an obstacle is in front of a robot, write an algorithm to have the robot detect and print out distance to the 8 obstacles around it at N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW.

33. More practice: robots and obstacles Solution: for dir in range(8): # 8 directions dist = 0 while not seeObstacle(): goForward(5) # cm. dist += 5 print “distance is”, dist goBackward(dist) turnRight(45) # degrees

34. Average of numbers Problem: write code to prompt the user for a number, until the user enters “q”. When the user enters “q”, print the average of the numbers that were entered.

35. Average of numbers total = 0 numNums = 0 while True: num = raw_input(“Enter a number, q=quit:”) if num == “q”: break total += float(num) numNums += 1 if numNums == 0: print “No numbers entered” else: print “Average is “, float(total) / numNums