1. 25 The United States in World War II Mobilizing for Defense
QUIT 25
C H A P T E R
The United States in World War II
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
SECTION 1
Mobilizing for Defense
SECTION 2
The War for Europe and North Africa
MAP
SECTION 3
The War in the Pacific
GRAPH
SECTION 4
The Home Front
VISUAL SUMMARY

2. 25 The United States in World War II
HOME 25
C H A P T E R
The United States in World War II
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the military campaigns, political decisions, and efforts on the home front that won World War II

3. 25 The United States in World War II I N T E R A C T
HOME 25
C H A P T E R
The United States in World War II
I N T E R A C T
W I T H H I S T O R Y
It is December of After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. has entered the war. As a citizen, you and millions like you must mobilize a depressed peacetime country for war. The United States must produce the workers, soldiers, weapons, and equipment that will help to win the war.
How can the United States use its resources to achieve victory?
Examine the Issues
• How can the government encourage businesses to convert to wartime production?
• What sacrifices will you and your family be willing to make?
• How can the military attract recruits?

4. 25 The United States in World War II The United States The World HOME
C H A P T E R
The United States in World War II
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union.
1941 The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. A. Philip Randolph demands that war industries hire African Americans.
1942 Roosevelt creates the War Production Board to coordinate mobilization. Japanese Americans are sent to relocation centers.
1942 In the Pacific, the Battle of Midway turns the tide in favor of the Allies. Nazis develop the "final solution" for exterminating Jews.
1943 Zoot-suit riots rock Los Angeles.
1943 Rommel’s forces surrender in North Africa.
1944 GI Bill of Rights is passed. President Roosevelt is elected to a fourth term.
1944 On June 6, the Allies launch D-Day, a massive invasion of Europe.
1945 U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima. Harry S. Truman becomes president when Roosevelt dies.
1945 Nazi retreat begins after the Battle of the Bulge. Japan surrenders after atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

5. Mobilizing for Defense
S E C T I O N 1
Mobilizing for Defense
HOME
KEY IDEA
The United States enters the war and mobilizes its citizens and resources to give its allies unprecedented military and industrial support.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

6. Mobilizing for Defense
S E C T I O N 1
Mobilizing for Defense
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war.
Military industries in the United States today are a major part of the American economy.
TERMS & NAMES
• War Production Board (WPB)
• Manhattan Project
• A. Philip Randolph
• Office of Price Administration (OPA)
• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC)
• rationing
• George Marshall
ASSESSMENT

7. Mobilizing for Defense
S E C T I O N 1
Mobilizing for Defense
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. List four ways that America prepared for war.
Industries geared up for wartime production.
Creation of WAAC
Preparation for War,
Employment of women in the war industry
Establishment of OPA and WPB
continued . . .

8. Mobilizing for Defense
S E C T I O N 1
Mobilizing for Defense
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. How did government regulations impact the lives of civilians?
ANSWER
Rationing forced people to use resources wisely or do without some goods. Gas rationing forced people to carpool or walk to work. A “black market” developed that illegally sold scarce goods.
End of Section 1

9. The War for Europe and North Africa
MAP
HOME 2
S E C T I O N
The War for Europe and North Africa
KEY IDEA
The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union cooperate in the fight to defeat Germany and its allies.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

10. The War for Europe and North Africa
MAP
HOME 2
S E C T I O N
The War for Europe and North Africa
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battled Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa.
During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today.
TERMS & NAMES
• Omar Bradley
• George Patton
• Harry S. Truman
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Battle of the Bulge
• D-Day
• V-E Day
ASSESSMENT

11. The War for Europe and North Africa
MAP
HOME 2
S E C T I O N
The War for Europe and North Africa
ASSESSMENT
1. List the major events influencing the fighting in Europe and North Africa.
Event Two
Event One
Event Four
Event Six
Event Eight
Event Three
Event Five
Event Seven
Jan. 31, Germans surrender at Stalingrad.
May Battle of Anzio ends.
July Russians liberate first death camp.
May 8, Germany surrenders.
Dec. 22, Churchill and Roosevelt meet at the White House.
May Last of Afrika Korps surrenders.
June 6, Allies invade Normandy.
January Germany loses Battle of the Bulge.
continued . . .

12. The War for Europe and North Africa
MAP
HOME 2
S E C T I O N
The War for Europe and North Africa
ASSESSMENT
2. Do you agree with the decision made by Roosevelt and Churchill to require unconditional surrender by the Axis powers? Why or why not? Think About:
• the advantages of defeating a foe decisively
• the advantages of ending a war quickly
• how other conflicts, such as the Civil War and World War I, ended
ANSWER
Agree: Hitler had to be crushed completely so that he would not have the opportunity to rebuild his army.
Disagree: If something less than unconditional surrender were required, the bloodshed would stop earlier and fewer Allied soldiers would be killed.
continued . . .

13. The War for Europe and North Africa
MAP
HOME 2
S E C T I O N
The War for Europe and North Africa
ASSESSMENT
3. When President Roosevelt’s body was brought by train to Washington, Betty Conrad was among the servicewomen who escorted his casket.
“ The body in the casket was not only our leader but the bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives for freedom. They must not and will not have died in vain.”
What did Roosevelt’s body symbolize to Betty Conrad?
ANSWER
Roosevelt’s body symbolized the bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives for freedom.
End of Section 2

14. 3 The War in the Pacific KEY IDEA
S E C T I O N 3
The War in the Pacific
HOME
KEY IDEA
America wages an aggressive military campaign against Japan in the Pacific Islands and finally ends the war.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

15. 3 The War in the Pacific OVERVIEW
S E C T I O N 3
The War in the Pacific
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In order to defeat Japan and end the war in the Pacific, the United States unleashed a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb.
Countries of the modern world struggle to find ways to prevent the use of nuclear weapons.
TERMS & NAMES
• Chester Nimitz
• Battle of Midway
• Nuremberg trials
• J. Robert Oppenheimer
• Douglas MacArthur
• Nagasaki
• Hiroshima
• kamikaze
ASSESSMENT

16. S E C T I O N 3
The War in the Pacific
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. List the key military actions in the Pacific during World War II and note the significance of each.
Military Action
Significance
Philippines
Japanese victory destroyed the myth of white supremacy in Asia.
Doolittle’s raid
American spirits lifted by the Tokyo bombing.
Midway
Damaged Japanese air power
Leyte Gulf
Reduced Japanese navy to minor role
Okinawa
Allowed attack on Japan itself
Hiroshima
America is first to use the atomic bomb.
Nagasaki
Led to Japan’s surrender
continued . . .

17. S E C T I O N 3
The War in the Pacific
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. At the trials, many Nazis defended themselves by saying they were only following orders. What does this rationale tell you about the German military? Why was it important to negate this justification?
ANSWER
Soldiers observed the German military tradition of following orders issued by commanding officers. It is important to negate this point of view to stress the importance of individual responsibility.
continued . . .

18. S E C T I O N 3
The War in the Pacific
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. Explain how the United States was able to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific.
ANSWER
The United States followed an island-by-island strategy of winning territory back from Japan. With each victory, Allied forces moved closer to Japan.
continued . . .

19. S E C T I O N 3
The War in the Pacific
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. Is it legitimate to hold people accountable for crimes committed during wartime? Why or why not? Think About:
• the laws that govern society
• the likelihood of conducting a fair trial
• the behavior of soldiers, politicians, and civilians during war
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Legitimate—People should be prosecuted for committing atrocities as much during war time as during peacetime.
Not Legitimate—In war, people are expected to kill the enemy. Ordinary laws do not apply during wartime.
End of Section 3

20. S E C T I O N 4
The Home Front
GRAPH
HOME
KEY IDEA
Americans begin to adjust to new economic opportunities and continuing social problems after World War II.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT

21. 4 The Home Front OVERVIEW
S E C T I O N 4
The Home Front
GRAPH
HOME
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After World War II, Americans adjusted to new economic opportunities and harsh social tensions.
Economic opportunities afforded by World War II led to a more diverse middle class in the United States.
TERMS & NAMES
• GI Bill of Rights
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)
• internment
• James Farmer
ASSESSMENT

22. S E C T I O N 4
The Home Front
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
1. List the advances and problems in the economy and in civil rights during World War II.
Advances
Problems
Economy
Civil Rights
Low unemployment, rising crop prices, opportunities for women
Shortage of housing and food, rationing
More equality in the military, founding of CORE
Segregation, discrimination, race riots in Detroit and Los Angeles; internment of Japanese Americans
continued . . .

23. S E C T I O N 4
The Home Front
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
2. How were the experiences of African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Japanese Americans similar during World War II? How were they different?
ANSWER
Similar: All three groups suffered from discrimination.
Different: Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were forced into internment camps.
continued . . .

24. S E C T I O N 4
The Home Front
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
3. Do you think that the government’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of “military necessity”? Explain your answer.
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Yes: The United States government had no way of telling with certainty that Japanese citizens were loyal.
No: There was no proof that Japanese Americans were disloyal to their country.
continued . . .

25. S E C T I O N 4
The Home Front
GRAPH
HOME
ASSESSMENT
4. What effect did World War II have on American families? Think About:
• the role of women in families and the economy
• the relationship between the races
• the impact of the federal government on society
ANSWER
The war changed traditional gender roles as women enlisted in the armed forces and took jobs outside the home. The war also reinforced the country’s long-standing policy of discrimination against minorities.
End of Section 4