1. Lecture 2
Productivity and Measurement
Dr. Arshad Zaheer

2. Recap Management Operations Value-Added Operations Interfaces
Definition of Operations Management
Nomenclature
Goods and Services
Responsibilities of Operations Manager
New Trends in OM

3. Lecture Outline Productivity definition Factors effecting productivity
Single factor productivity
Multifactor productivity
Productivity Measurement
Productivity analysis in enterprises
Problems

4. Productivity Challenge
Productivity is the ratio of outputs (goods and services) divided by the inputs (resources such as labor and capital)
The objective is to improve productivity!
Important Note!
Production is a measure of output only and not a measure of efficiency

5. Factors Affecting Productivity
Capital
Quality
Technology
Management

6. Productivity Units produced Input used Productivity =
Measure of process improvement
Represents output relative to input
Only through productivity increases can our standard of living improve
How can we improve?
Labor, Technology, Management

7. Productivity Calculations
Labor Productivity
Productivity =
Units produced
Labor-hours used
= = 4 units/labor-hour
1,000
250
One resource input  single-factor productivity

8. Multi-Factor Productivity
Output
Labor + Material + Energy + Capital + Miscellaneous
Productivity =
Also known as total factor productivity
Multiple resource inputs  multi-factor productivity

9. Labor Productivity At national level:
Labor productivity- computed by taking entire economically active population as input
Total value of goods & services produced as output.
National productivity =
GNP
Population

10. Productivity Measurement
Productivity Measurement is important for productivity improvement.
Very effective tool for decision-making at all economic levels.
Success of productivity measurement & analysis depends largely upon clear understanding by all parties concerned (enterprise managers, worker, employers, trade union orgs & government; institutions) of why productivity measurement is important for effectiveness of org.

11. Productivity Analysis in Enterprise
Simple & practical approaches to productivity analysis are:
Measurement of workers productivity
Measurement systems for planning & analyzing unit labor requirements.
Measurement system of labor productivity aimed at structure of labor resource use.
Value added productivity at enterprise level.

12. Productivity Analysis in Enterprise .
Three of most common purpose are:
Comparing enterprise with its competitors.
Determining relative performance of departments & workers
Comparing relative benefits of various types of input for collective bargaining & gain sharing.

13. Collins Title Productivity
Collins title wants to evaluate its labor and multifactor productivity with a new computerized title-search system. The company has a staff of four, each working eight hours per day (for a payroll of cost of $640/day) and overhead expenses of 400$ per day. Collins processes and closes on eight titles each day. The new computerized title-search system will allow the processing of 14 titles per day. Although the staff, their work hours and pay are the same, the overhead expenses are now 800$ per day. What is the labor productivity and multifactor productivity with old and new system?

14. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
8 titles/day
32 labor-hrs =
Old labor productivity

15. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
8 titles/day
32 labor-hrs =
Old labor productivity
= .25 titles/labor-hr

16. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
14 titles/day
32 labor-hrs
14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day
New System:
8 titles/day
32 labor-hrs =
Old labor productivity
= .25 titles/labor-hr =
New labor productivity

17. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day
New System:
8 titles/day
32 labor-hrs =
Old labor productivity
= .25 titles/labor-hr
14 titles/day
32 labor-hrs =
New labor productivity
= titles/labor-hr

18. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
8 titles/day $
14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day
New System: =
Old multifactor productivity

19. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day
New System:
8 titles/day $ =
Old multifactor productivity
= titles/dollar

20. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day
New System:
14 titles/day $
8 titles/day $ =
Old multifactor productivity
= titles/dollar =
New multifactor productivity

21. Collins Title Productivity
Staff of 4 works 8 hrs/day 8 titles/day
Payroll cost = $640/day Overhead = $400/day
Old System:
14 titles/day Overhead = $800/day
New System:
8 titles/day $ =
Old multifactor productivity
= titles/dollar
14 titles/day $ =
New multifactor productivity
= titles/dollar

22. Measurement Problems
Quality may change while the quantity of inputs and outputs remains constant
External elements may cause an increase or decrease in productivity
Precise units of measure may be lacking

23. Productivity Variables
Labor - contributes about 10% of the annual increase
Capital - contributes about 38% of the annual increase
Management - contributes about 52% of the annual increase

24. Problem 1
The Production Manager at a Textile Mills, can currently expect his operation to produce 1000 square yards of fabric for each ton of raw cotton. Each ton of raw cotton requires 5 labor hours to process. He believes that he can buy a better quality raw cotton, which will enable him to produce 1200 square yards per ton of raw cotton with the same labor hours.
What will be the impact on productivity (measured in square yards per labor-hour) if he purchases the higher quality raw cotton?

25. Current Labor Productivity New Labor Productivity
Solution
1000 sq yds
1 ton * 5 hours =
Current Labor Productivity
= 200 sq yds per hour
1200 sq yds
1 ton * 5 hours =
New Labor Productivity
= 240 sq yards per hour
Productivity improves 20%= ( ) / 200 = 0.2 (20%)

26. Problem 2
A local auto mechanic finds that it usually takes him 2 hours to diagnose and fix a typical problem. What is his daily productivity (assume an 8 hour day)?
He believes he can purchase a small computer trouble-shooting device, which will allow him to find and fix a problem in the incredible (at least to his customers!) time of 1 hour. He will, however, have to spend an extra hour each morning adjusting the computerized diagnostic device. What will be the impact on his productivity if he purchases the device?

27. Productivity with computer
Solution
8 hours per day
2 hours per problem =
Current Productivity
= 4 Problems per day
8 hours per day
2 hours per problem =
Productivity with computer
= 7 Problems per day
Productivity improves 75% (7-4) / 4 = 0.75 (75%)

28. Problem 3
Susan has a part-time "cottage industry" producing seasonal plywood yard ornaments for resale at local craft fairs and bazaars. She currently works 8 hours per day to produce 16 ornaments.
a. What is her productivity?
b. She thinks that by redesigning the ornaments and switching from use of a wood glue to a hot-glue gun she can increase her total production to 20 ornaments per day. What is her new productivity?
c. What is her percentage increase in productivity?

29. Solution 16 ornaments/8 hours = 2 ornaments/hour
b. 20 ornaments/8 hours = 2.5 ornaments/hour
c. Change in productivity = 0.5 ornaments/hour; percent change = 0.5/2= 25%

30. Problem 4
A firm cleans chemical tank cars. With standard equipment, the firm typically cleaned 70 chemical tank cars per month. They utilized 10 gallons of solvent, and two employees worked 20 days per month, 8 hours a day. The company decided to switch to a larger cleaning machine. Last April, they cleaned 60 tank cars in only 15 days. They utilized 12 gallons of solvent, and the two employees worked 6 hours a day.
1. What was their productivity with the standard equipment?
2. What is their productivity with the larger machine?
3. What is the change in productivity?

31. Solution

32. Problem 5
Joanna French is currently working a total of 12 hours per day to produce 240 dolls. She thinks that by changing the paint used for the facial features and fingernails that she can increase her rate to 360 dolls per day. Total material cost for each doll is approximately $3.50; she has to invest $20 in the necessary supplies (expendables) per day; energy costs are assumed to be only $4.00 per day; and she thinks she should be making $10 per hour for her time. Viewing this from a total (multifactor) productivity perspective, what is her productivity at present and with the new paint?

33. Solution Currently Using the new paint Labor 12 hrs * $10 = $120
= $ 120
Material
240 * $3.50
= $840
360 * $3.50
= $1260
Supplies
= $ 20
= $ 20
Energy
= $ 4
= $
Total Inputs
= $984
= $1404
Productivity
240/984
= 0.24
360/1404
= .26

34. Problem 6
(Refer Problem 5) How would total (multifactor) productivity change if using the new paint raised Ms. French’s material costs by $0.50 per doll?

35. Solution If the material costs increase by $0.5 per doll:
Using the new paint
Labor
12 hrs * $10
= $ 120
Material
360 * $4
= $1440
Supplies
= $ 20
Energy
= $
Total Inputs
= $1584
Productivity
360/1584
= .23

36. Problem 7
(Refer Problem 6) If she uses the new paint, by what amount could Ms. French’s material costs increase keeping the total (multifactor) productivity same as 0.24?

37. Solution
We want to know how high the material cost could go, using the new paint, before the productivity drops to the current level of In mathematical terms we make the material cost a variable (X), set the new multifactor productivity value to the current level, 0.24, and solve for X.
360
(12x10) + (360X)
= 0.24
360= 0.24( X
360= X
X =3.77 $
It follows then that the new paint could raise Materials cost by no more than approximately $0.27 (the difference between $3.77 and $3.50) before Ms. French would experience a decrease in multifactor productivity.

38. Problem 8

39. Solution
Total output is 1600 valves per day. 20 workers are active for eight hours per day. So Total working hours per day are 20x8=160. So Labor Productivity is 1600/160 i.e. 10 valves/hour.
(b) Productivity rises by 20 percent, to 12 valves/hour. output will be 12x8x20 = 1920
(c) New productivity is 1800 / (20 x 8) = valves/hour
(d) Gibson did not gain the desired 20 percent increase in productivity, but they did gain over
ten percent, without extra equipment or energy, and without increasing the wage bill.

40. Problem 9

41. Solution
MFP before: 500 boxes / ($10x5x16 + $ $400) = 500 / 4200 = boxes/dollar
MFP after: 600 boxes / ($10x5x16 + $ $400) = 600 / 4400 = boxes/dollar
Prentice Hall Inc.

42. Problem 10
A farmer grows crop in his 100 by 100 foot garden. He then sells the crop at the local farmers' market. Two summers ago, he was able to produce and sell 1200 pounds of crop. Last summer, he tried a new fertilizer that promised a 50% increase in yield. He harvested 1900 pounds. Did the fertilizer live up to its promise?

43. Solution Two summer ago Last Sumer Change 1200/10000=0.12 lbs/sq ft
( )/0.12 = 58.3%
Since the productivity gain was 58.3%, not 50%, the fertilizer was at least as good as advertised.

44. Forthcoming lecture- Competitiveness and Strategy