1. Review Meteorology and FARs

2. Meteorology/FAR and Review

3. Weather Factors Atmospheric circulation
Weather changes are caused by uneven heating
Every process of weather is the result of or is accompanied by a heat exchange
The sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21

4. Weather Factors Highs are usually associated with Good visibility
Light winds
Few clouds
Good weather
Characterized by descending air

5. Weather Factors Lows are usually associated with precipitation
cloudiness
poor visibility
bad weather
turbulence
Wind
characterized by rising air
Example of lows are hurricanes and tornadoes

6. Weather Factors In the northern hemisphere
Air flows counterclockwise around a low (cyclonic)
Air flows clockwise around a high (anticyclonic)
If one were to fly directly to the center of a low, the winds would come from the left and get stronger as one got closer

7. Weather Factors Relative Humidity
Measure of how much moisture is present for a a parcel of air at a temperature.
If a parcel of air has a RH of 100%, it is saturated. The temperature that it is at is called the dewpoint. If this parcel were cooled more, water vapor would clouds, fog, dew or frost

8. Thunderstorms Conditions Stages Unstable air Lifting action
High moisture content
Stages
Cumulus stage Mature stage
Dissipating stage

9. Hazards Embedded thunderstorms may be obscured by cloud layers
Wind shear can be found on all sides as well as directly under it
Greatest intensity during mature stage, which is signaled by precipitation at the surface

10. Frontal Turbulence
Occurs in the narrow zone just ahead of a fast-moving cold front

11. Wingtip Vortices
Tend to sink below the flight path of the generating aircraft
Most hazardous during light, quartering tailwinds
Land beyond where a large aircraft has touched down

12. Clear Air Turbulence
Turbulence above 15,000 feet AGL not associated with cumuliform cloudiness is reported as CAT
CAT is common in a upper trough on the polar side of the jet stream

13. Mountain Wave Turbulence
Greatest turbulence occurs approaching the lee side of a mountain range in strong headwinds
Standing lenticular and rotor clouds indicate the possibility of strong turbulence

14. Microbursts
Intense, localized downdrafts seldom lasting longer than 15 minutes
Downdrafts can be as strong as 6,000 feet per minute
Performance changes drastically as an aircraft flies through a microburst

15. Fog
Radiation Fog - ground fog - forms over fairly flat land on clear, calm nights
Advection fog- forms near coastal areas when moist air moves over colder ground or water

16. Fog
Upslope fog forms when moist stable air is forced up a sloping land mass
Steam fog occurs as cool air moves over warmer water
Precipitation-induced fog forms when warm rain falls through a layer of cooler air near the surface

17. Icing
Freezing rain is most likely to have the highest rate of accumulation
Ice, snow or frost having the thickness and roughness of sandpaper and reduce lift by 30% and increase drag by 40%

18. METAR Aviation routine weather reports
METAR are routinely taken every hour at 50 past the hour. They are usually entered into the computer on the hour
SPECI are special aviation weather report

19. Sky Condition
Ceiling is defined as the height of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as broken or overcast
If tops are know, your can find the thickness of clouds by adding the airport elevation to the height to the base of the clouds and subtract from the height of the cloud tops

20. Remarks Codes A02 - automated station with precipitation discriminator
RAE42SNB42 - rain ended and snow began at 42 past the hour
PRESFR - Pressure falling rapidly
SLP - Sea level pressure millibars
T Temperature .8o C and dewpoint is -1.6o C

21. TAF
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast - valid for a 24 hour period and scheduled four times a day
Primary source of destination weather
AMD means and amended forecast
COR means a corrected forecast
RTD indicates a delayed forecast

22. Contractions VRB - wind direction is variable 00000KT - calm wind
P6SM - prevailing visibility expected to be greater than 6 statue miles
SKC - sky clear
PROB TSRA - 40% probability of thunderstorms with heavy rain between 2100Z and 0200 Z

23. Area Forecast FA
VFR Clouds and weather section summarizes sky condition, cloud heights, visibility, obstructions to vision, precipitation, and sustained surface winds of 20 knots or greater
When winds are to be 20 knots or greater the categorical outlook includes the contraction WND

24. Wind and Temperature Aloft
Usually given for nine level between 3,000 and 39,000 feet
Winds are given in true direction and speed in knots
Winds not forecast within 1,500 feet of station elevation
Temperature not forecast for the 3,000-foot level or with 2,500 feet of the station elevation

25. Wind and Temperature Aloft
Uses a four digit code for wind speed and direction, the first two digits are the wind direction in hundreds of degrees
The second two digits indicate wind speed
A two digit temperature code in degrees Celsius follows the wind speed and direction code
All temperature above 24,000 feet are negative

26. Surface Analysis Chart
Surface Analysis chart is a good source for general information over a large area. Shows position of fronts, temperature, dewpoint, wind at valid time of the chart
When solid lines, called isobars, are close together the pressure gradient is greater and the winds are stronger
A dashed line indicates a weak pressure gradient

27. Weather Depiction Chart
Information on the chart is derived from the METAR reports
Provides an overview of favorable and adverse weather
Prepared every three hours
A bracket symbol ] to the right of a station circle means it is an automated location

28. RADAR Summary Chart
Only chart which shows lines and cell of thunderstorms
You can determine the tops and bases of the echoes, the intensity of the precipitation and direction of movement
Most effective when used in combination with other charts, reports, and forecasts

29. Graphic Forecasts
Low-level Significant Weather Prognostic Chart is valid up to 400 millibars of pressure or about 24,000 feet
Issued four time a day with a valid time printed on the lower margin of each panel
Shows areas of IFR, MVFR, VFR and moderate or greater turbulence

30. Graphic Forecasts
Severe Weather Outlook Chart is used for advance planning and provides 48-hour outlook for general and severe thunderstorm activity
Crosshatched areas generally indicate severe weather and are labeled SVR

31. Types of Briefings
Standard is the most complete briefing and assumes no familiarity with the weather picture
Abbreviated is used to update weather information when you need only one or two specific items
Outlook is used if you departure is six or more hours away. You should update with a standard or abbreviated briefing closer to flight time

32. In-Flight Weather Sources
Airmets - WA - Airmans meteorological information are forecasts for a maximum of a six hour period
Sierra for IFR conditions
Tango for turbulence
Zulu for icing and freezing levels

33. SIGMETs Significant meteorological information - WS - Severe Icing
Severe and extreme turbulence
Volcanic eruptions
Duststorms, sandstorms or volcanic ash lowering visibility to less than three miles

34. Convective SIGMETs
Imply severe or greater turbulence, severe icing and low level wind shear
Contain either an observation and a forecast or just a forecast for tornadoes, significant thunderstorm activity or hail 3/4 inch or greater in diameter

35. Enroute Flight Advisory Service
Flight Watch is available daily from 6 AM to 10 PM when flying between 5,000 AGL and 17,500 MSL any where in the US
Contact on with your aircraft ID, ARTCC facility identification and name of the nearest VOR

36. FAR 1 Definitions & Abbreviations
Flight Visibility - average horizontal forward distance from the cockpit.
Ground Visibility - prevailing horizontal visibility near surface as reported by US NWS or an accredited observer.
IFR conditions - not VFR below 1000 and 3

37. FAR 61
61.57 (C) - To act PIC under IFR, within preceding 6 calendar months:
Logged 6 approaches
Holding procedures
Intercepting and tracking courses through use of nav systems
Note: A Sim or FTD may be used.

38. Part 91
PIC is PIC
use of electronic devices that may cause interference with nav systems is prohibited.(cell phones, stepping motors etc.)
Latest info required, alternatives available, known traffic delays.

39. Part 91
Enough fuel to fly to first airport, then if an alternate is required, fly to alternate airport, then fly for 45 min after at normal cruising speed. An alternate is not required if 1 hr of ETA, 2000’ ceiling, 3 miles visibility.

40. Part 91
To be an alternate, unless denoted by A in triangle on NOS charts
Precision approach - 2 mi., 600’
Non precision approach - 2 mi., 800’
No approach - allow descent from MEA to approach and landing under VFR

41. Part 91 91.185 - Comm Failure If IFR Route Last assigned
Radar vectored, direct to fix, route or airway specified in vector clearance.
EFC
Filed

42. Part 91 91.185 - Comm Failure If IFR Altitude - Highest of
Last assigned
MEA
EFC
Time
Commence approach as close as possible to EFC or filed.

43. Part 91 91.205 Instrument and Equipment Readiness
For IFR flight, navigation equipment must be appropriate to ground facilities
Above 24,000, DME required if using VOR navigational equipment
Need attitude indicator, heading indicator and turn coordinator for IFR

44. Part 91 91.211 Supplemental Oxygen
Above 15,000, each passenger must be provided supplemental oxygen
Above 14,000, required crew must use
Between 12,500 and 14,000, oxygen must be provided for time in excess of 30 minutes

45. Part 91
ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and use
Must use Mode C
Within Class B
Within 30 NM of primary Class B airport
Within and above Class C
Above 10,000 ft MSL except below 2,500 AGL and in Class A airspace

46. Part 91
Altimeter System and Altitude Reporting Equipment Test and Inspections
Each static pressure system and altimeter instrument must be tested by the end of the 24th month

47. NTSB 830
Accidents, incidents, overdue AC, and preservation of wreckage