1. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 BRAZING FLUX STUDIES INTERNATIONAL BRAZING AND SOLDERING CONFERENCE ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO / APRIL 4, 2000 s s Presented By: Dr. Y. Baskin Superior Flux & Manufacturing Company Cleveland, Ohio

2. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 PURPOSE s To study the effects of time, temperature, and flux formulation on activation and exhaustion temperatures, which determine flux activity ranges. The role of several different base metals and filler metals was also studied

3. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 EQUIPMENT s Thermolyne 1500 Furnace - Maximum Temperature 1300° C s 30 Tempilstik Temperature Indicators - 400° - 1200° C s Calibrated Pyrometer with Surface Probe s Timer s Balance

4. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 BASE METALS s Mild Steel s Stainless Steel 316 s Copper s Brass (70% Copper, 30% Zinc)

5. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FILLER METALS Bag-1 s Composition: 45% Silver, 15% Copper, 16% Zinc, 24% Cadmium Melting Point: 618° C Braze 630 - Bag-21, SAE-AMS 4774 s Composition: 63% Silver, 28.5% Copper, 6% Tin, 2.5% Nickel Melting Point: 690° C High-Temp 095, SAE-AMS 4764 s Composition: 52.5% Copper, 38% Manganese, 9.5% Nickel Melting Point: 875° C

6. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FLUXES s Boric Acid s Potassium Tetraborate s Potassium Fluoborate s Potassium Carbonate s Potassium Fluroide s Potassium Bifluoride s Sodium Tetraborate (Borax) s Silica s Potassium Pentaborate Fifteen fluxes were used, including existing products and experimental, formulations. Compositions included the following raw materials:

7. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FLUX COMPOSITIONS IN THE PSEUDO TERNARY K-B-F Atomic Percent Boron (Silicon Atomic Percent Fluorine Atomic Percent Potassium (Sodium)

8. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FURNACE CALIBRATION/ PYROMETER BASE METALS: MILD STEEL SOAK TIME: 40 SECONDS Pyrometer Temperature (°C) 97148196247300351399448500547596650700748797849899950998104911001147120012501302 Furnace Temperature (°C) 1001512002503013504004505005515996507027508008509009501001105111001150120012491301

9. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FURNACE CALLIBRATION PYROMETER MILD STEEL/ 40 SECONDS 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 01002003004005006007008009001000110012001300 Furnace Temperature (C°) Pyrometer Temperature (C°)

10. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 EFFECT OF TIME ON FLUX ACTIVATION TEMPERATURE/ MILD STEEL Time, Seconds 04080120160 0 600 700 800 9001000 Flux Activation Temperature (C°)

11. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FLUX ACTIVIATION TEMPERATURE AS A FUNCTION OF B/F RATIO (40 SECOND SOAK TIIME) Temperature (C°) B/F Ratio 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 07008009001000

12. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FLUX EXHUSTION TEMPERTURE/ MILD STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL FluxMild Steel (C°) Stainless Steel (C°) 1967967 210501067 310581092 412001200 511001150 611421167 711561142 811501158 912331158 1012331175 1111171117 1212331262 1312831280 1412671275 1512721250 FluxMild Steel (C°) Stainless Steel (C°) 1967967 210501067 310581092 412001200 511001150 611421167 711561142 811501158 912331158 1012331175 1111171117 1212331262 1312831280 1412671275 1512721250

13. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 FLUX EXHAUSTION TEMPERATURE AS A FUNCTION OF B/F RATIO (40 SECOND SOAK TIME) Temperature (C°) B/F Ratio 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 07008009001000

14. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 CONCLUSIONS s Flux compositions high in boron and low in fluorine generally exhibit better high temperature properties, whereas compositions low in boron and high in fluorine show better and more active low temperature properties, Difference s in raw materials and other chemical factors may account for the departure from a more linear relationship between activation or exhaustion temperature and B/F ratios. s Increased soaking time reduces flux activation temperature.

15. SUPERIOR FLUX & MANUFACTURING COMPANY / APRIL 2000 CONCLUSIONS (Continued) s Neither flux activation temperature nor exhaustion temperature are affected by the base metal used, as long as the stability range of the metal is not exceeded. s Similarly flux exhaustion temperatures are not affected by the filler metal used, as long as the stability of the filler metal is not exceeded.