1. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 1 Biological Processing of Organic discards Shibu K. Nair Programme Director (Zero Waste) Thanal India

2. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 2 Zero Waste ‘Zero waste is a logical planning approach Incorporating principles of effective human and material resource utilization to avoid the conversion of discards into waste – an inefficient form – in a manner that revitalizes the local economy.’

3. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 3 Components of Zero Waste Clean Production Extended Producer Responsibility Resource Recovery Building Capacity Building Relations Participation Policy

4. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 4 Policies Participation Decentralised Facilities Zero Waste Ethics Efficiency Economics

5. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 5 Why Zero Waste? Ensure resource conservation and social justice Ensure increased efficiency and Economic opportunities for Growth Combat Climate Change – Zero Waste for Zero Warming

6. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 6 Discards Solid Bio degradable Non Biodegradable Liquid Gray WaterBlack water Understanding Discards

7. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 7 Biodegradable Plant Debris Grass cuttings Leaves Parts of plants with High silica Putrescibles Vegetable Food Putrescibles Raw Meat, Fish Cooked Meat, Fish, Dead animals Wormi Composting Aerobic Composting Biogas Understanding Discards

8. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 8 Bio Degradable On siteOffsite Aerobic Digestion Composting Vermi composting Anaerobic Digestion Biogas Plants

9. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 9 Phase - 1 Mesophilic Bacteria Decomposes simple elements in bio degradable discards Temp: 20 ~ 30 Phase - 2 Thermophilic Bacteria Decomposes complex elements (Proteins, Fats, Carbo Hydrates – Cellulose, Hemi cellulose) Kills germs Temp: 50 ~ 60 Phase - 3 Mesophilic Bacteria Decomposes the rest of the materials Cools down the compost Composting

10. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 10 What We can Do? Material use policy Source Segregation and Disposal Resource Recovery and exchange Participation Segregation at Source Proximity Principle – Bio degradable Green, Green, Green

11. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 11

12. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 12

13. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 13 Phase - 1 Mesophilic Bacteria Decomposes simple elements in bio degradable discards Primary fermentation Temp: 20 ~ 30 Phase - 2 Worms Eats semi decomposed materials. Digestion happens inside the worms Eisenia foetida Red wigglers Phase - 3 Vermi Cast Excreta of worms will come out tea dust. Vermi Composting

14. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 14 Nature of Waste Any bio degradable discards can be composted. It is good to avoid wood, coconut shells. Use saw dust, rice husk to maintain carbon – nitrogen ratio and to help aeration Size of waste particles Size of waste particles and speed of composting inversely related. smaller the particle size, faster the composting. Limit the maximum size to 5 cm. Humidity High humidity will lead to stinking and low humidity will stop composting. Maintain 40% -55% humidity Aeration To avoid stinking of compost ensure good aeration. use dry leaves, saw dust, rice husk etc to breath more air into compost to speed up the composting. Micro organisms To avail the micro organisms which will boos the composting process, sprinkle the compost with fresh cow dung diluted in water. Alternately spoiled curd, curries etc can be used. Temperature Vermi compost needs temperature between 20 – 30. Windrow composting may have temperature up to 60 ConsistencyBe consistent in terms of frequency and quantity of discards fed to a composting facility. never do shock loading Care to be taken in Composting and Vermi Composting

15. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 15 Maintenance Take out compost at regular intervals. Prevent scavenging animals, birds, ants entering the compost facility Leachate There will be leachates coming out of the compost. They are rich in micro organisms which can be utilized in farming. It should be collected for using or it should be treated using a soak pit. Chemicals Toxic chemicals, salt, oil etc in large quantity etc should not enter the compost. It may kill micro organisms and will lead to stinking of compost Mosquito control Water logging near composting may lead to breeding of mosquitoes. Avoid such circumstances and spray lemon grass oil / neem oil diluted in water around the composting facility. Care to be taken in Composting and Vermi Composting

16. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 16 What is AD? Anaerobic digestion is a process in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion is a renewable energy source because the process produces methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production. Also, the nutrient-rich solids left after digestion can be used as fertiliser.

17. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 17 Carbo hydrates Fats Proteins Sugars Fatty Acids Amino Acids Carbonic Acid Alocohol Hydrogen Carbon di oxide Ammonia Hydrogen Acetic acid Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon di oxide HydrolysisAcidogenesisAcetogenesis Methanogenesis Anaerobic Digestion - Process

18. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 18 Compostion of Biogas Gas% Methane50-75 Carbon di oxide25-50 Nitrogen0-10 Hydrogen0-1 Hydrogen Sulphide0-3 Oxygen0-2 Anaerobic Digestion - Process

19. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 19 Calorific Value 5735 K Cal / m3

20. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 20 Gray Water Onsite Sedimentation Filtration Biological Treatment Soak pit Offsite Sedimentation Filtration Transportation Biological Treatment Artificial Wetland system Liquid Waste Management

21. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 21 Black Water Onsite Septic Tanks Sedimentation Filtration Biological Treatment Soak pit Offsite Septic Tanks Transportation Sedimentation / Filtration Biological Treatment Artificial Wetland system Liquid Waste Management

22. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 22 Soak Pit A Soak Pit, also known as a soakaway or leach pit, is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground. Pre-settled effluent from a Collection and Storage/Treatment or (Semi-) Centralized Treatment technology is discharged to the underground chamber from where it infiltrates into the surrounding soil. 1meter X 1meter X 1meter pit. Bottom – filled with large rock pieces Middle – filled with gravel and small rocks Top – filled with fine sand Water inlet should have minimum filter to avoid solids going into the pit.

23. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 23 www.thanal.co.in Build you own Zero Waste Neighborhood

24. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 24 Zero waste provides for infinite and creative ideas rooted on ecology. Exploring them challenge creativity and when creativity emerges, waste disappear to zero. From mere resource management to life style, culture, building relationships and linking everyone to this earth and its life supporting systems.

25. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level 25 Thank you Thanal H-3 Jawahar Nagar, Kawdiar P.O. Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, India 695 003 Tel – +91 471-27 27 150 / +91 98 951 820 67 E-mail – zerowaste@thanal.co.in www.thanal.co.in