3. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic organisms, which
means they have membrane bound organelles.
They have cell walls made of chitin.
Mycologists study FUNGI!
Earth star

4. An example of Fungi You know

5. Kingdom Fungi
Lack chlorophyll so they feed themselves by being ___________,
(which live off dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the environment) or _____________, (which live off living organisms).
decomposers
parasites

6. Mushrooms – “Club Like” Fungi or Basidiomycete Fungi

7. Bracket Fungi – Basidiomycete Fungi

8. Bread Mold – a Zygomycete Fungi

9. Note the cup shapes and orange peel color
Cup Fungi – Ascomycete Fungi
Note the cup shapes and orange peel color

10. Kingdom Fungi
Fungi are heterotrophs that utilize a special process called
_________________ ______________
to obtain nutrients.
(food is digested outside the fungal body with enzymes and then absorbed)
Extracellular
Digestion

11. Kingdom Fungi – you must know 5 Major Phyla
Phylum Zygomycota = the Bread Molds
Rhizopus – black bread mold
Oomycota = the Water Molds
Water mold, potato blight, mildew
Phylum Ascomycota = the Sac Fungi
Yeast, morels, truffles
Phylum Basidiomycota = the Club Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, toadstools
Phylum Deuteromycota = the Fungi Imperfecti

12. Kingdom Fungi
The mycelium or body of a fungus is usually composed of filaments called a hyphae. It is seldom seen since it grows inside the host.
mycelium

13. http://www. huffingtonpost

14. Zygomycota (Rhizopus) the Common Molds
-are primarily decomposers
-asexual spores may be produced in sporangia
-sexual reproduction occurs between + and – strains forming a 2n zygote; a zygospore develops and may lie dormant for a long period of time; meiosis occurs just before germination
-only the zygote is diploid; all hyphae and asexual spores are haploid

15. Zygomycota – common molds
The fungal mass of hyphae, known as the MYCELIUM penetrates the bread and produces the fruiting bodies on top of the stalks
Mycelia = a mass of hyphae or filaments

16. Rhizoids = root-like hyphae
The zhizoids meet underground and mating occurs between hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

17. Water Molds -- Oomycota
The water molds are better known as the MILDEWS. Fish tank fuzz is an example.
Protist-like mold because share common characteristics with plant-like protists, such as the cell wall

18. LifeCycle of Oomycota

19. Things to Know about Oomycete Fungi
Water molds or mildews
Cause diseases such as potato blight
Cell walls made of cellulose (like plant)
Hyphae have multiple nuclei! Because the cell walls do not fully close off.
Spore swims away like a flagellate, which is why it is protist like (think of Euglena)

20. Irish Potato Famine of 19th Century
Devastated potato crops, causing devastating starvation in Ireland 

21. Yeast is an Ascomycete Fungus

22. spores
mycelium
Cap
gills
stalk

23. Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores
Bracket Fungi
Puff Balls
Basidiomycete Fungi that all produce Basiospores
Jelly Fungi
Mushrooms

24. Other Basidiomycetes Rusts and Smuts
Rust infecting wheat leaves
Whitrot Smut digesting old wood
Rust infecting a Leaf

25. Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)
-Regarded as imperfect because they exhibit no sexual stage has been observed in their life cycle
-Members are not closely related and are not necessarily similar in structure or appearance; do not share a common ancestry, polyphyletic = coming from many ancestors – hmm weird 

26. Deuteromycota – the Fungi Imperfecti
Resemble Ascomycetes, but their reproductive cycle has never been observed
Different from Ascomycetes because there is a definite lack of sexual reproduction, which is why they are called Imperfect Fungi
Penicillium fungi
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28. Lichens
Lichens are mutualistic symbiotic organisms. They have a fungus and a cyanobacterial portion. There are three lichen growth forms which are predominant in nature: _____________________________

29. Fruticose
Crustose
Foliose

30. LICHENS
Lichens are often the first organisms to enter a barren environment.
The bacteria contribute energy (photosynthesis) and the fungus contribute anchorage, minerals, and a home.

31. Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizae means “fungus-root”; mutualistic relationship between plant and fungi
The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere than the roots would alone.
Plant benefits include:
Improved nutrient/water uptake
Improved root growth
Improved plant growth and yield
Improved disease resistance
Reduced transplant shock
Reduced drought stress

32. Harmful OR Helpful

33. RINGWORM
CORN SMUT

34. Imperfect Fungi
Athlete's Foot

35. candida albicans

36. YEAST
Yeast are used for baking!

37. Morels
Truffles
Morels and truffles used as food.

38. Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are irregular in shape
Truffles are round, warty, fungi that are irregular in shape. They vary from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist. Since the times of the Greeks and Romans these fungi have been used in Europe as delicacies, as aphrodisiacs, and as medicines. They are among the most expensive of the world's natural foods, often commanding as much as $250 to $450 per pound.
Truffles are harvested in Europe with the aid of female pigs or truffle dogs, which are able to detect the strong smell of mature truffles underneath the surface of the ground. The female pig becomes excited when she sniffs a chemical that is similar to the male swine sex attractant. The use of dogs to find truffles is also and option.

39. …and then there are the decomposers!

40. Shelf Fungi
… decomposers…

41. Penicillium
used for what???

42. Treatments for Fungal Infections
athlete's foot
Antifungal creams/powders
Keep area clean and dry (fungus grows best in moist, dark places)
Carefully clean the shower or bath using bleach.
Hot wash socks, towels, bathmats at a temperature of at least 60ºC.
Regularly wash floors where you walk bare foot.
ringworm
thrush