1. Dragan Jovicic Harvinder Singh
Linear Programming
Dragan Jovicic
Harvinder Singh

2. Introduction to LP
Linear programming (LP) problems are optimization problems where the objective function and the constraints of the problem are all linear.
Many practical problems in operations research can be expressed as linear programming problems.
A lot of work is generated on the research of specialized algorithms for the solutions of specific LP problems.
In mathematical optimization theory, the simplex algorithm of George Dantzig is the fundamental technique for numerical solution of the LP problem.

3. Outline Introduction Standard Form Matrix Form
Example of LP formulation
Example 1
Augmented form (slack form)
Example 2
Theory
Simplex algorithm

4. Guidelines for Model Formulation
Understand the problem thoroughly.
Describe the objective.
Describe each constraint.
Define the decision variables.
Write the objective in terms of the decision variables.
Write the constraints in terms of the decision variables.

5. Standard form a21x1 + a22x2 + … + a2nxn < b2 …
Standard form is a basic way of describing a LP problem.
It consists of 3 parts:
A linear function to be maximized
maximize c1x1 + c2x2 + … + cnxn
Problem constraints
subject to a11x1 + a12x2 + … + a1nxn < b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + … + a2nxn < b2 …
am1x1 + am2x2 + … + amnxn < bm
Non-negative variables
e.g. x1, x2 > 0

6. The problems is usually expressed in matrix form and then it becomes:
maximize cTx
subject to Ax < b, x > 0
Other forms, such as minimization problems, problems with constraints on alternative forms, as well as problems involving negative variables can always be rewritten into an equivalent problem in standard form.

7. Example of LP formulation : A Maximization Problem
Maximize x1 + 7x2
s.t. x < 6
2x1 + 3x2 < 19
x1 + x2 < 8
x1, x2 > 0
Standard Form
Max 5x1 + 7x2 + 0s1 + 0s2 + 0s3
s.t x s = 6
2x1 + 3x2+ s2 = 19
x1 + x2 + s3 = 8
x1, x2 , s1 , s2 , s3 > 0

8. Example 1
Suppose that a farmer has a piece of farm land, say A square kilometers large, to be planted with either wheat or barley or some combination of the two. The farmer has a limited permissible amount F of fertilizer and P of insecticide which can be used, each of which is required in different amounts per unit area for wheat (F1, P1) and barley (F2, P2). Let S1 be the selling price of wheat, and S2 the price of barley. If we denote the area planted with wheat and barley with x1 and x2 respectively, then the optimal number of square kilometers to plant with wheat vs. barley can be expressed as a linear programming problem:
->

9. Example 1 cont.
maximize S1x1 + S2x2 ( maximize the revenue – this is the “objective function”)
subject to x1 +x2 < A (limit on total area)
F1x1 + F2x2 < F (limit on fertilizer)
P1x2 + P2x2 < P (limit on insecticide)
x1 >= 0, x2 > 0 (cannot plant a negative area)
which in matrix form becomes
maximize
subject to

10. Augmented form (slack form)
Linear programming problems must be converted into augmented form before being solved by the simplex algorithm. This form introduces non-negative slack variables to replace non-equalities with equalities in the constraints. The problem can then be written on the following form:
Maximize Z in:

11. Example 1 (slack form)
The example 1 above becomes as follows when converted
Into augmented form:
maximize S1x1 + S2x (objective function)
subject to x1 +x2 + x3 = A (augmented constraint)
F1x1 + F2x2 < F + x4 = F (augmented constraint)
P1x2 + P2x2 + x5 = P (augmented constraint)
where x3,x4,x5 are (non-negative) slack variables.
Which in matrix form becomes:
Maximize Z in:

12. THEORY
* Geometrically, the linear constraints define a convex polyhedron, which is called the feasible region. The linear objective function implies that an optimal solution can only occur at a boundary point of the feasible region.
* There are two situations in which no optimal solution can be found:
1. if the constraints contradict each other (for instance, x ≥ 2 and x ≤ 1) then the feasible region is empty and there can be no optimal solution, since there are no solutions at all. In this case, the LP is said to be infeasible.
2. Alternatively, the polyhedron can be unbounded in the direction of the objective function (for example: maximize x1 + 3 x2 subject to x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0, x1 + x2 ≥ 10), in which case there is no optimal solution since solutions with arbitrarily high values of the objective function can be constructed.

13. THEORY cont.
* The optimum is always attained at a vertex of the polyhedron. However, the optimum is not necessarily unique: it is possible to have a set of optimal solutions covering an edge or face of the polyhedron, or even the entire polyhedron (This last situation would occur if the objective function were constant).
A series of linear constraints on two variables produces a feasible region of possible values for those variables. Solvable problems will have a feasible region in the shape of a simple polygon.

14. Simplex algorithm
In mathematical optimization theory, the simplex algorithm of George Dantzig is the fundamental technique for numerical solution of the linear programming problem.
The simplex algorithm solves LP problems by constructing an admissible solution at a vertex of the polyhedron, and then walking along edges of the polyhedron to vertices with successively higher values of the objective function until the optimum is reached.
The elementary simplex method is the name of Dantzig's original (1947) algorithm, with the following rules applied to the standard form:
Min {cx: Ax=b, x >= 0}.
Let dj = reduced cost of xj; terminate if dj > 0 for all j.
Select dj < 0 as one of greatest magnitude.
In the associated column (j) of the tableau, compute the min ratio:
xi / a(i, j): a(i, j) > 0. (If a(., j) <= 0, LP is unbounded).
Enter xj into the basic set, in exchange for xi, and update the tableau.
Version of simplex algorithm and the source code can be found at