1. Westward Expansion and Industrialization

2. Change and Conflict in the American West
Between (25 year period) the western frontier (West of the Mississippi River) was divided into:
18 new states
4 territories: Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma
Prior to this period and before the end of the Civil War in 1865 the only inhabitants on the frontier were:
Indians (300,000)
Spanish Missionaries (Southwest)
Mormons (Salt Lake)
Trappers- Mountain Men
Buffalo- 15 million

3. The Great Plains By 1890 the land had been settled by:
Farmers
Ranchers (cattle, sheep)
Miners (gold, silver, copper)
Merchants, Bankers, and Railroads
Two major obstacles slowed the development of the frontier:
Geography and Climate
Native Americans

4. Great Plains development…
Development was assisted by:
Military force
Government land give-a-ways
federal/state loans to railroads
Investment by eastern and foreign bankers
Disease

5. Native Americans Treatment of Native Americans:
Reservation Policy- remove to unwanted areas
Americanize- assimilate to American culture- abandon tribal ways
Sand Creek Massacre Native American slaughtered by the US Army (mostly women and children)
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse- two leaders who refused to give up fighting for their land
Battle of Wounded Knee- US Army killed 300 unarmed Native Americans and left their bodies to freeze
Bitter end of the Indian Wars…
Factors that led to the removal of the Indians:
Railroads
Disease
Alcohol
Extermination of the Buffalo

6. People moving West…..
1887 Dawes Act- Government act that forced Indians onto reservations
1. broke up tribal governments
2. Assimilation- abandon native customs, traditions, way of life
3. Land allotments- 160 acres of land developed over 25 years before title given
4. Indians dealt with as individuals
Homestead Acts- gave land away to white settlers
160 acres of land
$10 fee
develop in 5 years for title give
Most land went to:
Speculators- real estate agents who sold land at higher prices for a profit
Railroads were given prime land

7. Hardships of the Great Plains
Extreme Hardships
Droughts
Floods
Fires
Blizzards
Locust plagues
Outlaw Raids
Indian Raids
Disease
Settlers Meet Challenges of the Plains
Homes- dugout (home dug into the side of a hill)
soddy (stacked blocks of prairie turf)
Clothes- women had to shear sheep and card wool to make clothes

8. Technical Support for Farmers
Barbed Wire- prevented animals from trampling crops and wandering off
Reaper- sped up harvest saving crops from inclement weather
Steel Plow- made planting more efficient in root filled soil
Steel Windmill- helped with unpredictable rainfall (crop dehydration) by bringing up underground water for irrigation

9. Efforts to help farmers
Morrill Land Grant Acts (1862 & 1890)- enacted by Congress
gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges
Hatch Act (1887)- federal agricultural research stations
Established…
Agricultural experiment stations to inform farmers of new developments

10. Economic Problems Cycle of Debt for farmers
Machinery-Expensive and usually required farmers to barrow money
1. As prices went up farmers would make money to pay off loans
2. As prices dropped they would try and plant as many crops as possible to make up the difference
Farmers would often barrow money to purchase more land to grow more crops to make more money in order to make money to pay off debts (never ending cycle)
Shipping Problems of Farmers
-Farmers were at the mercy of the Railroads
- Railroads established rates for western farmers that were higher than the east
- Railroads were monopolies (could charge what they wanted because there was no competition

11. Farmers Organize… Farmers Organize to solve their Own Problems
Grange(farmer organization)- Oliver Hudson Kelly (1867) patrons of Husbandry
Provided a social outlet for farm families
Eventually began a fight against the railroads
Farmers Alliances- included not only farmers but others who sympathized with the situation
Colored Farmers Alliance

12. Populism Populism- movement of the people
Populist Party (People’s Party)- political effort of farmers to use politics to solve their problems
Party Platform:
Increase money supply
Graduated income tax
Federal Loan Program
U.S. Senate elections by popular vote
Single term for president and vice president
Secret ballots
8 hour work day
Immigration restrictions
Populist Party died out as the – Democratic party came about

13. Silver or Gold Bimetallism Gold Standard
A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks
People who supported this were known as “Silverites”
Gold Standard
A monetary system in which money is backed entirely by gold
Supported by President Cleveland
Known as the “Gold Bugs”

14. 1986 election
--William McKinley- Nominated by the Republican party and committed to the Gold Standard. An Ohioan
--William Jennings Bryan- Nominated by the Democratic Party and committed to Bimetallism
Gold Bugs
Bankers and Businessman
Wanted Gold Standard
Wanted less money in circulation
Result: Deflation=Prices fall= Value of money increases= Fewer people have money
Silverites
Farmers and Laborers
Wanted Bimetallism
Wanted more money in circulation
Result: Inflation=Prices rise=Value of money decreases=More people have money

15. End of Populism
William Jennings Bryan had a tough Campaign and had to overcome people’s fear of inflation with his Silverite Plan
Bryan was defeated by McKinley by over 500,000 votes
With Bryan’s defeat populism collapsed

16. The Expansion of Industry
The Growth of Industry
• By 1920s, U.S. is world’s leading
industrial power, due to:
- wealth of natural resources
- government support for business
- growing urban population
Black Gold
Pre-European arrival, Native Americans make fuel, medicine from oil
1859, Edwin L. Drake successfully uses steam engine to drill for oil
Petroleum-refining industry first makes kerosene, then gasoline

17. STEEL Bessemer Steel Process New Uses for Steel
Abundant deposits of coal, iron spur industry
Bessemer process puts air into iron to remove carbon to make steel
Later open-hearth process makes steel from scrap or raw materials
New Uses for Steel
Steel used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines
Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel-framed skyscrapers

18. An Age of Inventions The Power of Electricity
Numerous new inventions change the
landscape, life, work
The Power of Electricity
1876, Thomas Alva Edison establishes first research laboratory
- 1880, patents incandescent light bulb
- creates system for electrical production, distribution
Electricity changes business; by 1890, runs numerous machines
Becomes available in homes; encourages invention of appliances
Allows manufacturers to locate plants anyplace; industry grows

19. Inventions Change Lifestyles
Christopher Sholes invents typewriter in 1867
1876, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Watson introduces telephone
Office work changes; by 1910, women are 40% of clerical workers
Inventions impact factory work, lead to industrialization
- clothing factories hire many women
Industrialization makes jobs easier; improves standard of living
- by 1890, average workweek 10 hours shorter
- as consumers, workers regain power in market
Some laborers think mechanization reduces value of human worker

20. Railroads Encourage Growth
Rails make local transit reliable, westward expansion possible
Government makes land grants,
loans to railroads
- to help settle West
- to develop country
A National Network
1859, railroads extend west of Missouri River
1869, first transcontinental railroad completed, spans the nation

21. RAILROAD TIME Railroad Time
Railroads offer land, adventure, fresh start to many
People of diverse backgrounds build railroad under harsh conditions:
- Central Pacific hires Chinese immigrants
- Union Pacific, Irish immigrants, Civil War vets
Accidents, disease disable and kill thousands every year
Railroad Time
1869, C. F. Dowd proposes dividing earth’s surface into 24 time zones
1883, U.S. railroads, towns adopt time zones
1884, international conference sets world zones, uses railroad time
- Congress adopts in 1918

22. New Towns and Markets
Railroads require great supply of materials, parts
Iron, coal, steel, lumber, glass industries grow to meet demand
Railroads link isolated towns, promote trade, interdependence
Nationwide network of suppliers, markets develops
Towns specialize, sell large quantities of their product nationally
New towns grow along railroad lines

23. Pullman and Crédit Mobilier
1880, George M. Pullman builds railcar factory on Illinois prairie
Pullman provides for workers: housing, doctors, shops, sports field
Company tightly controls residents to ensure stable work force
Wish for control, profit leads some railroad magnates to corruption
Union Pacific stockholders form construction company, Crédit Mobilier
- overpay for laying track, pocket profits
Republican politicians implicated; reputation of party tarnished

24. Railroad Abuses and Granger Laws
Farmers angry over perceived railroad corruption
- railroads sell government lands to businesses, not settlers
- fix prices, keep farmers in debt
- charge different customers different rates
Grangers sponsor state, local political candidates
Press for laws to protect farmers’ interests
Munn v. Illinois—Supreme Court upholds states’ right to regulate RR
Sets principle that federal government can regulate private industry

25. Interstate Commerce Act and Panic and Consolidation
1886, Supreme Court: states cannot set rates on interstate commerce
Public outrage leads to Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
- federal government can supervise railroads
- establishes Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Panic and Consolidation
Legal battle with railroads; difficult for ICC to take action
Abuses, mismanagement, competition almost bankrupt many railroads
Railroad problems contribute to panic of 1893, depression
By mid-1894, 25% of railroads taken over by financial companies

26. Big Business Carnegie Makes a Fortune New Business Strategies
Andrew Carnegie one of first moguls to make own fortune
New Business Strategies
Carnegie searches for ways to make better products more cheaply
Hires talented staff; offers company stock; promotes competition
Uses vertical integration—buys out suppliers to control materials
Through horizontal integration merges with competing companies
Carnegie controls almost entire steel industry

27. Principles of Social Darwinism
Darwin’s theory of biological evolution: the best-adapted survive
• Social Darwinism, or social evolution, based on Darwin’s theory
• Economists use Social Darwinism to justify doctrine of laissez faire
A New Definition of Success
Idea of survival, success of the most capable appeals to wealthy
Notion of individual responsibility in line with Protestant ethic
See riches as sign of God’s favor; poor must be lazy, inferior

28. Growth and Consolidation
Businesses try to control industry
with mergers— buy out competitors
Buy all others to form monopolies—control production, wages, prices
Holding companies buy all the stock of other companies
John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company, forms trust
- trustees run separate companies as if one

29. Rockefeller and the “Robber Barons”
Rockefeller profits by paying low wages, underselling others
- when controls market, raises prices
Critics call industrialists robber barons
- industrialists also become philanthropists
Sherman Antitrust Act
Government thinks expanding corporations stifle free competition
Sherman Antitrust Act: trust illegal if interferes with free trade
Prosecuting companies difficult; government stops enforcing act
Business Boom Bypasses the South
South recovering from Civil War, hindered by lack of capital
North owns 90% of stock in RR, most profitable Southern businesses
Business problems: high transport cost, tariffs, few skilled workers

30. Labor Unions Emerge Long Hours and Danger
Northern wages generally higher than Southern
Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers across regions
Most workers have 12 hour days, 6 day workweeks
- perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks
- no vacation, sick leave, injury compensation
To survive, families need all member to work, including children
Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs for women, children
- require few skills; pay lowest wages

31. Early Labor Organizing
National Labor Union—first large-scale national organization
1868, NLU gets Congress to give 8-hour day to civil servants
Local chapters reject blacks; Colored National Labor Union forms
NLU focus on linking existing local unions
Noble Order of the Knights of Labor open to women, blacks, unskilled
Knights support 8-hour day, equal pay, arbitration

32. Unionism Craft Unionism Industrial Unionism
Craft unions include skilled workers from one or more trades
Samuel Gompers helps found American Federation of Labor (AFL)
AFL uses collective bargaining for better wages, hours, conditions
AFL strikes successfully, wins higher pay, shorter workweek
Industrial Unionism
ndustrial unions include skilled, unskilled workers in an industry
Eugene V. Debs forms American Railway Union; uses strikes

33. Socialism and the IWW Other Labor Activism in the West
Some labor activists turn to socialism:
- government control of business, property
- equal distribution of wealth
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or Wobblies, forms 1905
Organized by radical unionists, socialists; include African Americans
Industrial unions give unskilled workers dignity, solidarity
Other Labor Activism in the West
Japanese, Mexicans form Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers’ Union in CA
Wyoming Federation of Labor supports Chinese, Japanese miners

34. Strikes….. The Great Strike of 1877 The Haymarket Affair
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad strike spreads to other lines
Governors say impeding interstate commerce; federal troops intervene
The Haymarket Affair
3,000 gather at Chicago’s Haymarket Square, protest police brutality
Violence ensues; 8 charged with inciting riot, convicted
Public opinion turns against labor movem

35. Strikes continued… The Homestead Strike The Pullman Company Strike
1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts
Win battle against Pinkertons; National Guard reopens plant
Steelworkers do not remobilize for 45 years
The Pullman Company Strike
Pullman lays off 3,000, cuts wages but not rents; workers strike
Pullman refuses arbitration; violence ensues; federal troops sent
Debs jailed, most workers fired, many blacklisted

36. Unions…. Women Organize Management and Government Pressure Unions
Women barred from many unions; unite behind powerful leaders
Mary Harris Jones— most prominent organizer in women’s labor
- works for United Mine Workers
- leads children’s march
Pauline Newman—organizer for International Ladies’ Garment Workers
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire results in public outrage
Management and Government Pressure Unions
Employers forbid unions; turn Sherman Antitrust Act against labor
Legal limitations cripple unions, but membership rises

37. The Immigrant Experience
Push Factors- problems that cause people to move
Pull Factors- attractions that draw people to another place
People were pushed from Europe due to population growth, hunger, availability of land, and religious persecution
People were pulled to the United States because of the free democratic society, ample farmland, minerals, plains, industry (jobs), and America Letters (letters from relatives who had already migrated).

38. Transportation
The voyage which once took 3 month now took 2 weeks due to technological advances
Travel was not easy on steerage( open area below the main deck) where people slept in the same room on metal beds, seasickness, spoiled food, overcrowded, and filthy toilets.

39. Ellis Island
1892- Ellis Island Immigration Station was built in the New York Harbor. Immigrants arriving from Europe often arrived at Ellis Island.
Inspections and Exams
Medical Inspections (6 second exam)
Physical examination (LHX)
Legal Interviews (names shortened)
Contract Laborers
20 % were denied entrance and had to stay for treatment or await hearings only 2% were every deported.

40. Life in the Cities Main cities (industrial centers) Population booms
New York
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Population booms
Ethnic Cities (little Italy, China Town, etc..)

41. Immigrants not welcomed
With a lack of education, money, and support immigrants suffered
Immigrants need help
Relatives or friends
Immigrant Aid Society (met in churches, groceries, or saloons)
Settlement house- community center that provided aid to immigrants (child care, classes, health clinics, and recreational opportunities)
Political bosses- powerful leaders who ran cities would help the immigrants in exchange for votes

42. Assimilation- Americanization of immigrants
Nativism- Americans who disliked anyone who was not “native” born
1894- Immigration Restriction League- all new arrivals had to take literacy tests- the President Vetoed it….but began to pass quota laws

43. Immigration from Asia Chinese seek gold, jobs, and new opportunities
Chinese Exclusion Act shut the doors on China by prohibiting immigration from Chinese laborers for 10 years (1st time the US had restricted immigration)
Immigration went from 40,000 to 279 two years later

44. Angel Island
Angel Island Immigration Station “Ellis Island of the West” San Francisco Bay, mainly used to restrict Chinese Immigrants
Other Immigrants
Japanese
Koreans
Filipinos
Hawaiians
Gentlemen's Agreement- notes between U.S. and Japan where Japanese officials agreed not to allow laborers to emigrate to the U.S.

45. Immigration from North and South
North- French Canadians- came to US for Civil War and over 900,000 came to US after mainly from Quebec.
Mexico- immigrated to California and Texas to work on farms, railroads, and in mines.
Mexican Revolution brought many more Mexicans to the US.

46. Immigrants Still Faced Discrimination
Racism
Lower Wages
Discrimination
Segregated Schools
Unwilling to become members of American Society

47. Three Great Waves of Immigration
1st Wave
Northern and Western Europe
2nd Wave
Southern and Eastern Europe
3rd Wave present
End of quota system immigration from everywhere
33 million/12% of the population were immigrants in 2003