1. Mobile Handset Virtual Machine

2. Outline Virtual Machine Java Virtual Machine Dalvik Virtual Machine 2

3. Concept A virtual machine (VM) is a software emulation of a real machine so that  another operating system can run in the simulated machine  more than one different operating systems can run at the same time Fundamental idea: abstract the real hardware into different execution environments 3

4. VM Components (1) Three components of a virtual machine  Host: underlying hardware system  Virtual machine manager (VMM): creates and runs different virtual machines  Guest: the emulated operating system on the host system 4

5. VM Components (2) 5 Non-virtual machine Virtual machine Host VMM Guest

6. System/Process VM Two major kinds of virtual machines based on their emulation degree of real machines  System virtual machine: it provides a complete system platform to support a complete operating system  Process virtual machine: it runs a single program and supports a single process 6

7. System VM It usually emulates a platform to run programs where the real hardware is not available to use (for example, running Mac OS on a windows computer) Multiple OSes can co-exist on the same physical hardware and are strongly isolated from each other Popular virtual machine manager products: Xen, VMware Workstation, Sun Virtualbox 7

8. Process VM It is created when the process is started and destroyed when the process exits. Its purpose is to provide a platform-independent programming environment so that a program can execute in a same way on any platform For example, Java bytecode can run on any platform where there is a Java Virtual Machine and the code does not need to be recompiled. 8

9. Outline Virtual Machine Java Virtual Machine Dalvik Virtual Machine 9

10. Java Virtual Machine Java Virtual machine (JVM) is the virtual machine that can execute Java bytecode. It is the execution part of the Java platform It helps Java to achieve its goal “write once, run anywhere” by hiding the differences between different operating systems 10

11. Java Bytecode Java bytecode is the instruction set for Java virtual machine Each bytecode consists of two parts  One or two bytes that represent the instruction  Zero or more bytes for parameters Java compiler compiles Java code into Java bytecode. The Java programmer does not need to be aware of or understand Java bytecode 11

12. Example of Java Bytecode 12 Java Compiler Java Code Java Bytecode instructionFucntion iconst_nPush the integer constant n onto the stack istore_nStore an integer value into the variable of index n iload_nLoad an integer value from variable of index n sipushPush a short integer onto the stack iinc n iIncrease variable of index n by i

13. JVM Workflow (1) Java source code is compiled into Java bytecode which is stored within.class files Each class in Java source code will be compiled into one.class file. The.class files are read and interpreted by JVM 13

14. JVM Workflow (2) 14 A.class A.java Java Compiler B.class Class Loader Bytecode Interpreter Java Virtual Machine Compile source code Java API Host system (Windows, Linux, etc)

15. JVM Components (1) Class loader  Loads.class file into memory  Verifies bytecode instructions  Allocates memory for the program 15

16. JVM Components (2) Runtime data area  Method area: it stores class and method codes  Heap: it is the place where Java objects are created  Java stacks: they are places where Java methods are executed  Program counter (PC) registers: they store memory addresses of the instructions which to be executed  Native method stacks: they are places where native methods (e.g. C programs) are executed. Native method is a function which is written in another language other than Java 16

17. JVM Components (3) Native method interface: it is a program that connects native method libraries with JVM for executing native methods Native method library Execution engine: it contains the interpreter which converts Java bytecode into machine code 17

18. JVM Architecture 18

19. Java Runtime Environment 19 We usually install the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) on our computers to use the Java platform JRE consists of the JVM and Java APIs

20. Outline Virtual Machine Java Virtual Machine Dalvik Virtual Machine 20

21. Introduction Dalvik virtual machine (DVM) is the process virtual machine in Google’s Android operating system. It executes applications written for Android. It is open-source software which was originally written by Dan Bornstein, who named it after the fishing village of Dalvik in Iceland 21

22. Why DVM not JVM When Google selected Java as the language for developing Android applications, it chose DVM instead of JVM for several reasons:  Though JVM is free, it was under GPL license, which is not good for Android as most the Android is under Apache license  JVM was designed for desktops and it is too heavy for embedded devices  DVM takes less memory, runs and loads faster compared to JVM 22

23. Android Architecture 23 Virtual Machine C/C++

24. Dalvik Bytecode Dalvik bytecode is the instruction set for Dalvik virtual machine Android programs are firstly compiled into Java bytecode which is in.class files. A tool called dx then converts Java bytecode into Dalvik bytecode 24

25. Dalvik Bytecode VS Java Bytecode 25 Java source code Dalvik bytecodeJava bytecode

26. Dalvik Bytecode VS Java Bytecode 26

27. DEX File A.dex (Dalvik EXecutable) file is used to store the Dalvik bytecode. It is converted from.class files and executed on the DVM The.dex file has been optimized for memory usage and the design principle is sharing of data It uses shared, type-specific constant pools as its primary mechanism for saving memory 27

28. Constant Pool Concept A constant pool is a table stores all constant values (e.g. string constants, field constants, class constants, etc.) used within a Java class. Constant values are referred to by their index in the constant pool rather than stored throughout the class Constant pool is the biggest part of the Java class file and takes up 61% of the file size 28

29. Constant Pool Optimization (1) Although average size of one.class file is quite small, the size still matters because the time to read file from storage is a dominant factor in VM startup time.dex file optimizes the constant pool when converted from.class files 29

30. Constant Pool Optimization (2) In the.class file, each class has its own private, heterogeneous constant pool. It is heterogeneous because all types of constants (field, string, class, etc.) are mixed together In the.dex file, all classes share the same type- specific constant pools. Duplication of constant values across different classes is eliminated 30

31. Constant Pool Optimization (3) 31 Java Source Code (.java files) Heterogeneous Constant Pool Other Data.class Heterogeneous Constant Pool Other Data.class Heterogeneous Constant Pool Other Data.class Strings Constant Pool Other Data.dex Class Constant Pool Field Constant Pool Method Constant Pool Java Compiler dx tool

32. Memory Saving Evaluation The Android team found that.dex file format cuts the size in half of some common system libraries and applications within Android system 32 CodeSize of.class Files (bytes) Size of.dex File (bytes) Common System Libraries21,445,320 (100%)10,311,972 (48%) Web Browser App470,312 (100%)209,248 (44%) Alarm Clock App119,200 (100%)53,020 (44%)

33. Zygote (1) Zygote is another concept used by Android to speedup VM performance Every Android application runs in its own instance of the VM, so VM instances should be able to start quickly when a new application is launched Zygote enables code sharing across different VM instances and provide fast startup time for new VM instances 33

34. Zygote (2) Zygote is a VM process which starts at system boot time. When Zygote starts, it initializes a VM instance and preloads core library classes which are good candidates for sharing across processes Zygote will sit and wait for socket requests from other processes who need new VM instances Cold starting VM takes a long time. Once a request occurs, Zygote will fork a new VM instance from itself and the startup time will be minimized 34

35. Zygote (3) 35

36. Android Runtime Android Runtime (ART) is an application runtime environment used by Android operating system It is designed to replace Dalvik virtual machine. It supports standard.dex file to maintain backward compatibility ART came out as an alternative runtime environment in Android 4.4 Dalvik virtual machine was entirely replace by ART in Android 5.0 36

37. Java Source Code to Android App 37 Java Source Code (.java files) Dalvik Bytecode.dex file Java Compiler dx tool.class file Java Bytecode Resource files Android App.apk file Package Builder

38. Android Application Launch Procedure Many things happen in the background when a user clicks on an icon and launch a new application  The click event gets routed to activity manager.  The activity manager sends parameters to Zygote process over the socket connection and creates a new process  Zygote forks itself and returns the new process ID  The activity manager attaches the new process to the application and the application’s classes will be loaded into the process’s memory  The application is launched 38

39. References (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine http://www.virtual-managed-servers.com/process-virtual-machine.html http://www.virtual-managed-servers.com/system-virtual-machine.html http://courses.mpi-sws.org/os-ss11/lectures/proc9.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_virtual_machine http://www.utdallas.edu/~muratk/courses/cloud11f_files/smith-vm- overview.pdf http://www.utdallas.edu/~muratk/courses/cloud11f_files/smith-vm- overview.pdf www.cse.sc.edu/~rose/311/ppt/ch16.ppt www.cse.sc.edu/~rose/311/ppt/ch16.ppt http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~cs502/s06/LectureNotes/ http://www.javaservletsjspweb.in/2012/02/java-virtual-machine-jvm- architecture.html#.VOupzfnF9t8 http://www.javaservletsjspweb.in/2012/02/java-virtual-machine-jvm- architecture.html#.VOupzfnF9t8 http://skillgun.com/question/436/android/basics/what-is-the-difference- between-dvm-and-jvm-why-android-opted-for-dvm http://skillgun.com/question/436/android/basics/what-is-the-difference- between-dvm-and-jvm-why-android-opted-for-dvm 39

40. References (2) http://multi-core-dump.blogspot.com/2010/04/android-application-launch- part-2.html http://multi-core-dump.blogspot.com/2010/04/android-application-launch- part-2.html http://multi-core-dump.blogspot.com/2010/04/android-application- launch.html http://multi-core-dump.blogspot.com/2010/04/android-application- launch.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(software) http://www.cs.duke.edu/~chase/cps210/slides/android-chase.pptx 40