1. Secure Operating Systems Lesson 0x12h: Return to User

2. Where are we?  Done! Yay! Code Complete!  But there’s always more  So, let’s look at a new trend in OS exploitation: ret2usr

3. Exploiting the Kernel  When we exploit the kernel, it can be hard to actually gain control  In particular, NULL pointer dereference has often been thought of as unexploitable… Fortunately (?) that’s not true: return to user!!!

4. Underlying Vuln  Think about memory layout for a little bit…  Right… the kernel can still write to user space (any part of user space)  This means that ‘nuisance’ attacks like NULL pointer dereference can be deadly in Kernel space (i.e. deadly == not just a DoS attack)

5. What happens…  Imagine we can get a struct inside the kernel to be dereferenced, and this struct contains a function pointer which the kernel will use…  Boom! The pointer is now in memory which is valid in user mode (somewhere around – x000000nn, typically)  Aside: this is really confused deputy all over again

6. Example Exploit  Let’s look at the step-by-step vuln in the paper…  Discussion: turtles all the way down?

7. SMEP  Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention Prevent code execution of user-mode code page in CPL=0 Note: does not prevent modification (read and write) Does not raise a #GP but a #PF Can use kernel mode ROP to avoid this…

8. Questions & Comments  What do you want to know?