1. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Sensors that
monitor assets +
Wireless Technology
Presented By : Biswajit Nayak
MTech(ICT)
Regd.No – 10IT61B06
SIT , IIT Kharagpur.
Guided By :
Prof. Indranil Sen Gupta
Department of Computer Science & Engg. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Prof. Partha Sarathi Day
Department of Computer Science & Engg. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.

2. Content Introduction History of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Characteristics
Hardware Component
Hardware Design
Software Component
Software Design
Wireless Sensor Network Architecture
Wireless Sensor Network Protocols
Security in WSN
System Evaluations Metrics
Standardization
Wireless Sensor Network Applications
Pros and Cons of Wireless Sensor Network
Future Scope
Conclusion
Bibliography

3. What is Wireless Sensor Network ?
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of dispersed autonomous devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions.
These autonomous devices, or nodes, combine with routers and a gateway to create a typical WSN system. Data is collected at the wireless sensor node, compressed, and transmitted to the gateway directly or, if required, uses other wireless sensor nodes to forward data to the gateway, which provides a connection to the wired world where it can collect, process, analyze, and present the analyzed data.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

4. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
cont.…
( General Structure of WSN )
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

5. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
History
DARPA: (Defense Advance Research Project Agency)
Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop (1978)
Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program (early 1980s)
Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program
UCLA and Rockwell Science Center
Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS)
Low Power Wireless Integrated Microsensor (LWIM) (1996)
UC-Berkeley
Smart Dust project (1999)
concept of “motes”: extremely small sensor nodes
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

6. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
History cont.…
Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC)
PicoRadio project (2000),(Low power sensor devices.)
MIT
μAMPS (micro-Adaptive Multidomain Power-aware Sensors) (2005) (Low power H/W and S/W components).
Recent commercial efforts
Crossbow
Sensoria
Worldsens
Dust Networks
Ember Corporation
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

7. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Characteristics
The main characteristics of a WSN include :-
Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energy harvesting
Ability to cope with node failures
Mobility of nodes
Dynamic network topology
Heterogeneity of nodes
Scalability to large scale of deployment
Ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions
Ease of use
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

8. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Hardware Component
A WSN consists of spatially distributed sensor nodes. In a WSN, each sensor node is able to independently perform some processing and sensing tasks. These sensor nodes communicate with each other in order to forward their sensed information to a central processing unit such as data fusion.
The usual hardware components of a sensor node includes :-
An embedded processor
A radio transceiver
Internal and external memories
One or more sensors
Geopositioning system
A power source
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

9. Hardware Component cont.…
It is a critical process to select components for the sensor motes in the development of Wireless Sensor Network. Low power and immense functionality are two highest priorities in evaluating the strength of both the microcontroller and the sensor devices.
Wireless Sensor Network is introduced to the new state-of-the- art Chipcon CC1010 microcontroller with integrated RF transceiver.

10. Hardware Component cont.…
It had several features ,such as :-
Optimized 8051-core
Active (14.8 mA), Idle (2.9mA) and sleep (0.2mA) power modes
32 kB flash memory
kB+128 bytes SRAM
Three channel 10-bit ADC
Four timers / Two PWM's
Fully integrated UHF RF transceiver (433 MHz / 868 MHz nominal)

11. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Software Components
The wireless sensor network mainly consists of three software components, such as :-
The Web program
WiseDB
Tiny OS
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

12. Software Design
You should have four commercial off the shelf applications installed on the server , that worked together to create the Data Analysis portion of the Server component.
Web-Server(Apache)
PHP
MySQL Database
Chart-Director

13. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture
The entire system may be expressed as two subsystems ,such as :-
Data Analysis
Data Acquisition
Data Analysis is a subsystem which is software-only.
Data Acquisition purpose is to collect and store environmental data for processing shortly by the Data Analysis subsystem.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

14. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture cont.…
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

15. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture cont.…
The system consists of several components , such as :-
Client
Server
Sensor Motes
Network Topology
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

16. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture cont.…
The Client component is necessary but external to the development of Wireless Sensor Network.
The Server is a critical component as the link between the Data Acquisition and Data Analysis subsystems.
It is the component responsible for collecting and transmitting raw environmental data to the Server.
We can use several network topologies to coordinate the WSN gateway, end nodes, and router nodes.
Star Topology
Cluster/Tree Topology(Increase the Network)
Mesh Topology(Redundant Communication Path)
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

17. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
cont.…
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

18. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
WSN Protocols
Wireless sensor network routing protocols can be broadly classified into three categories .
Flat protocols (Multihop)
Hierarchical Routing Protocols
Location based Routing Protocols
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

19. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

20. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
( The above diagram shows how different routing protocols fit under different category and also compare different routing techniques according to many metrics. )
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

21. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Security
Security and privacy issues become more vital because WSNs are usually used for very important applications.
Security Threats in WSNs
Countermeasures
Vurnebilities :-
Resource constraint
Wireless communication
Security-sensitive data
Uncontrollable environment
Distributed deployment
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

22. System Evaluation Metrics
The evaluation metrics that will be used to assess a wireless
sensor network are :-
Network Coverage
Cost &Ease of deployment
Security
Lifetime
Response Time
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

23. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Standardization
The major standardization bodies are the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the International Society for Automation (ISA) and the HART Communication Foundation, etc.
IEEE
Zigbee
WirelessHART
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

24. Standardization cont.…
IEEE is a standard which specifies the physical layer and MAC layer for low-rate wireless personal area networks.
ZigBee is a standard for a suite of high level communication protocols based on the IEEE standard for low power and low data rate radio communications.
WirelessHART is an open-standard Wireless Mesh Network communications protocol designed to meet the needs for process automation applications.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

25. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
WSN Applications
Wireless sensor networks are currently being employed in a variety of applications ranging from medical to military, and from home to industry.
The motivation behind the research into WSNs was several applications :-
Military surveillance and target tracking
Environmental Monitoring
Health Monitoring
Traffic Control
Industrial Sensing
Infrastructure Security
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

26. Pros and Cons of Wireless Sensor Networking
Stores limited source of energy,
No constraint of cables and has mobility
Works competently under harsh conditions, and it has deployment up to large scale etc.
Cons :-
Insufficient speed of communication,
Hack your networking
Wireless sensor networking is too costly to use.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

27. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Future Work
We can think of expanding the sensor mote network by adding more motes. This would allow the development and testing of advanced network-layer functions, such as multi-hop routing.
We can think of alternative energy sources to extend mote battery life. Which may includes solar cells and rechargeable batteries, these systems could provide a long term, maintenance free, wireless monitoring solution.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

28. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Conclusions
Wireless sensor networks must be designed to meet a number of challenging requirements including extended lifetime in the face of energy constraints, robustness, scalability, and autonomous operation.
Wireless sensor networks are getting smaller and faster, increasing their potential applications in commercial, industrial, and residential environments.
However, the limit of applications depends only upon the sensors used and the interpretation of the data obtained. As the technology improves and new low-power digital sensors become more readily available, motes will increase functionality without increasing power consumption and will expand the wireless sensing market.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

29. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Bibliography
Networking Wireless Sensors by Bhaskar Krishnamachari ,2005.
Wireless Sensor Networks - An Introduction by QinghuaWang and Ilangko Balasingham.
System Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks by Jason Lester Hill, University of California, Berkeley ,2003.
A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks Technology by I. Khemapech, I. Duncan and A. Miller ,School of Computer Science , University of St Andrews ,North Haugh, St Andrews.
Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks by Guoliang Xing1; Rui Tan2; Benyuan Liu3; Jianping Wang2 ;Xiaohua Jia2; Chih-Wei Yi4, 1Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University,USA
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

30. Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks –A Survey Shio Kumar Singh 1, M P Singh 2, and D K Singh 3.
Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey¤,Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice, Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ftp.ni.com/pub/devzone/pdf/tut_7142.pdf
Wikipedia
Zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/8707

31. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
WISENET, SNGCE kolenchery, Dept. ofCSE.
Chipcon ,SmartRF® CC1010 Datasheet (rev. 1.3)
A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks Technology I. Khemapech, I. Duncan and A. Miller School of Computer Science University of St Andrews North Haugh, St Andrews.
A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks Kemal Akkaya *, Mohamed Younis ,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore.
A Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Survivability in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN), Mohammad S. Al-Fares1, student Member , IEEE, Zhili Sun2, Member, IEEE, Haitham Cruick shank3, Member, IEEE, IMECS 2009, March , 2009, Hong Kong.
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

32. Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )
Wireless Sensor Network Security Analysis by Hemanta Kumar Kalita1 and Avijit Kar2, Department of Computer Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
Standards-Based Wireless Sensor Networking Protocols for Spaceflight Applications by Raymond S. Wagner, Ph.D,NASA Johnson Space Center.
Wireless Sensor Network by priyal shah,Dept.CSE.Ahmadbad,oct
Biswajit Nayak( Regd.No-10IT61B06 )

33. Any Question ?

34. Thank You