1. Understanding of Terminology & Expectation for Engineering Programme
Ir. Professor Dr. BM Goi Deputy Dean of LKCFES, UTAR Ir. Professor Academician Dato’ Dr. HT Chuah President of FEIAP

2. Outcome from the Workshop
At the end of this presentation, participants shall be able:
To describe the new WA’s terminologies (complex engineering problems & activities, knowledge profile)
To differentiate characteristic of WA, SA and DA.

3. Agreements (IEA)
Agreements covering tertiary qualifications in engineering The Washington Accord (WA) signed in 1989 was the first - it recognises substantial equivalence in the accreditation of qualifications in professional engineering, normally of four years duration.
The Sydney Accord (SA) commenced in 2001 and recognises substantial equivalence in the accreditation of qualifications in engineering technology, normally of three years duration.
The Dublin Accord (DA) is an agreement for substantial equivalence in the accreditation of tertiary qualifications in technician engineering, normally of two years duration. It commenced in 2002.

4. Outcome-Based Education
OBE is an educational philosophy that states education ought to aim at giving students a particular, minimum level of knowledge and abilities as the major educational outcomes
It is an education system that emphasized on the student outcomes that are expected by the stakeholders.
Input –> Process –> Output
Shifting from just measuring input and process to measuring the output (outcome)

5. Outcome-Based Education
Term
Definition
Common Term
Programme Objectives (PEO)
PEOs are statements that describe
the expected achievements of graduates in their career and professional life a few years after graduation.
Goals, Programme Objectives
Programme Outcomes (PO)
POs are statements that describe what students are expected to know and be able to perform or do by the time of graduation. These relate to the
knowledge, skills and attitudes that students acquired through the programme.
Standards, Graduate attributes
Course Outcomes (CO)
COs are statements that describe what students are expected to know and be able to perform or do upon completion of a course.
Learning Outcomes

6. Process Map Continual Improvement Curriculum, Staff & Facilities
Stakeholders requirements (Develop objectives)
Curriculum,
Staff &
Facilities
Teaching &
Learning
Graduates
with
Outcomes
Stakeholders satisfaction (Achieving objectives)

7. “New Terminologies” Knowledge Profile (WK)
Complex Problem Solving (WP)
Complex Engineering Activities (EA)
Generic Attributes (WA)

8. Knowledge Profile (Curriculum)
A Washington Accord Programme provides:
WK1
Theory-based natural sciences
WK2
Conceptually-based mathematics
WK3
Theory-based engineering fundamentals
WK4
Forefront specialist knowledge for practice
WK5
Engineering design
WK6
Engineering practice (technology)
WK7
Engineering in society
WK8
Research literature

9.  Knowledge Profile (WK) (4-5 years)
WK1
A systematic, theory-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the discipline
WK2
Conceptually-based mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and formal aspects of computer and information science to support analysis and modelling applicable to the discipline
WK3
A systematic, theory-based formulation of engineering fundamentals required in the engineering discipline.
WK4
Engineering specialist knowledge that provides theoretical frameworks and bodies of knowledge for the accepted practice areas in the engineering discipline; much is at the forefront of the discipline.
WK5
Knowledge that supports engineering design in a practice area.
WK6
Knowledge of engineering practice (technology) in the practice areas in the engineering discipline
WK7
Comprehension of the role of engineering in society and identified issues in engineering practice in the discipline: ethics and the professional responsibility of an engineer to public safety; and the impacts of engineering activity – economic, social, cultural, environmental and sustainability.
WK8
Engagement with selected knowledge in the research literature of the discipline.

10.  Knowledge Profile (SK) (3-4 years)
SK1
A systematic, theory-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the sub- discipline
SK2
Conceptually-based mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and formal aspects of computer and information science to support analysis and modelling applicable to the sub-discipline
SK3
A systematic, theory-based formulation of engineering fundamentals required in the engineering sub-discipline.
SK4
Engineering specialist knowledge that provides theoretical frameworks and bodies of knowledge for the accepted sub-discipline.
SK5
Knowledge that supports engineering design in the sub-discipline.
SK6
Knowledge of engineering practice (technology) in the sub-discipline
SK7
Comprehension of the role of technology in society and identified issues in engineering technology: ethics and impacts: economic, social, environmental and sustainability.
SK8
Engagement with the technological literature of the discipline.

11.  Knowledge Profile (DK) (2-3 years)
DK1
A descriptive, formula-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the sub-discipline
DK2
Procedural mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics applicable to the sub-discipline
DK3
A coherent procedural formulation of engineering fundamentals required in an accepted sub-discipline.
DK4
Engineering specialist knowledge that provides the body of knowledge for an accepted sub-discipline.
DK5
Knowledge that supports engineering design based on the techniques and procedures of a practice area.
DK6
Codified practical engineering knowledge in the recognised practice area.
DK7
Knowledge of issues and approaches in engineering technician practice: ethics, financial, cultural, environmental and sustainability impacts.
DK8 -

12. Complex Engineering Problem
Complex Engineering Problems have characteristic WP1 and some or all of WP2 to WP7 (EP1 or EP2 – Professional Competencies):
WP1
Depth of Knowledge required
Resolved with forefront in-depth engineering knowledge (WK3, WK4, WK5, WK6 or WK8)
WP2
Range of conflicting requirements
Involve wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering and other issues.
WP3
Depth of analysis required
Have no obvious solution and require abstract thinking, originality in analysis to formulate suitable models.
WP4
Familiarity of issues
Involve infrequently encountered issues
WP5
Extent of applicable codes
Beyond codes of practice
WP6
Extent of stakeholder
involvement and level of conflicting requirements
Involve diverse groups of stakeholders with widely varying needs
WP7
Interdependence
Are high level problems including many component parts or sub-problems.
EP1
Consequences
Have significant consequences in a range of contexts.
EP2
Judgement
Require judgement in decision making.

13. Broadly-defined Engineering Problem
Complex Engineering Problems have characteristic WP1 and some or all of SP2 to SP7 (TP1 or TP2 – Technology Competencies):
SP1
Depth of Knowledge required
Cannot be resolved without engineering knowledge at the level of one or more of SK 4, SK5, and SK6 supported by SK3 with a strong emphasis on the application of developed technology
SP2
Range of conflicting requirements
Involve a variety of factors which may impose conflicting constraints
SP3
Depth of analysis required
Can be solved by application of well-proven analysis techniques
SP4
Familiarity of issues
Belong to families of familiar problems which are solved in well-accepted ways
SP5
Extent of applicable codes
May be partially outside those encompassed by standards or codes of practice
SP6
Extent of stakeholder
involvement and level of conflicting requirements
Involve several groups of stakeholders with differing and occasionally conflicting needs
SP7
Interdependence
Are parts of, or systems within complex engineering problems
TP1
Consequences
Have consequences which are important locally, but may extend more widely
TP2
Judgement
Require judgement in decision making

14. Well-defined Engineering Problem
Complex Engineering Problems have characteristic WP1 and some or all of DP2 to DP7 (NP1 or NP2 – Technical Competencies):
DP1
Depth of Knowledge required
Cannot be resolved without extensive practical knowledge as reflected in DK5 and DK6 supported by theoretical knowledge defined in DK3 and DK4
DP2
Range of conflicting requirements
Involve several issues, but with few of these exerting conflicting constraints
DP3
Depth of analysis required
Can be solved in standardised ways
DP4
Familiarity of issues
Are frequently encountered and thus familiar to most practitioners in the practice area
DP5
Extent of applicable codes
Are encompassed by standards and/or documented codes of practice
DP6
Extent of stakeholder
involvement and level of conflicting requirements
Involve a limited range of stakeholders with differing needs
DP7
Interdependence
Are discrete components of engineering systems
NP1
Consequences
Have consequences which are locally important and not far-reaching
Judgement -

15. Complex Engineering Activities
Complex activities means (engineering) activities or projects that have some or all of the following characteristics:
EA1
Range of resources
Diverse resources (people, money, equipment, materials, information and technologies).
EA2
Level of interaction
Require resolution of significant problems arising from interactions between wide ranging or conflicting technical, engineering or other issues.
EA3
Innovation
Involve creative use of engineering principles and research-based knowledge in novel ways
EA4
Consequences to society and
the environment
Have significant consequences in a range of contexts, characterised by difficulty of prediction and mitigation.
EA5
Familiarity
Can extend beyond previous experiences by applying principles-based approaches.

16. Range of Problem Solving: Compulsory Attribute
Depth of
Knowledge
Required
Complex Problems (Engineer)
Broadly Defined Problems (Technologist)
Well defined Problems (Technician)
WP1: Cannot be resolved without in-depth engineering knowledge at the level of one or more
of WK3, WK4, WK5, WK6
or WK8 which allows a fundamentals-based first principles analytical approach.
SP1: Cannot be resolved without engineering knowledge at the level of one or more of SK4, SK5, and SK6 supported by SK3 with a strong emphasis on the application of developed technology.
DP1: Cannot be resolved without extensive practical knowledge as reflected in DK5 and DK6 supported by theoretical knowledge defined in DK3 and DK4.

17. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTE PROFILES
(Programme Outcomes)
- Specific for Washington Accord

18. WA & EAC POs WA1 EA(i) WA2 EA(ii) WA3 EA(iii) WA4 EA(iv) WA5 EA(v) WA6
Engineering Knowledge
Breadth & depth of knowledge
WA2
EA(ii)
Problem Analysis
Complexity of analysis
WA3
EA(iii)
Design/Development of Solutions
Breadth & uniqueness of engineering problems i.e. the extent to which problems are original and to which solutions have previously been identified and coded
WA4
EA(iv)
Investigation
Breadth & depth of investigation and experimentation
WA5
EA(v)
Modern Tool Usage
Level of understanding of the appropriateness of the tool
WA6
EA(vi)
The Engineer and Society
Level of knowledge and responsibility
WA7
EA(vii)
Environment and Sustainability
Type of solutions
WA8
EA(viii)
Ethics
Understanding and level of practice
WA10
EA(ix)
Communication
Level of communication according to type of activities performed
WA9
EA(x)
Individual and Team Work
Role in and diversity of team
WA12
EA(xi)
Life-long Learning
Preparation for and depth of continuing learning
WA11
EA(xii)
Engineering Project Management and Finance
Level of management required for differing types of activity
WA: Washington Accord Graduate Attributes EA: Engineering Accreditation Council Programme Outcomes

19. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(i) Engineering Knowledge - Breadth &
depth of knowledge (WA1)
Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation as specified in WK1 to WK4 respectively to the solution of complex engineering problems.

20. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(ii) Problem Analysis - Complexity of
analysis (WA2)
Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences. (WK1 to WK4)

21. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(iii) Design/Development of Solutions - Breadth and uniqueness of engineering problems, i.e. the extent to which problems are original and to which solutions have previously been identified or codified (WA3)
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. (WK5)

22. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(iv) Investigation - Breadth and depth of
investigation and experimentation (WA4)
Conduct investigation of complex problems using research-based knowledge (WK8) and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to
provide valid conclusions.

23. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(v) Modern Tool Usage - Level of understanding of the appropriateness of the tool (WA5)
Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations. (WK6)

24. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(vi) The Engineer and Society – Level of knowledge and responsibility (WA6)
Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to complex engineering problems. (WK7)

25. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(vii) Environment and Sustainability – Type
of solutions (WA7)
Understand and evaluate the sustainability and impact of professional engineering work in the solution of complex engineering problems in societal and environmental contexts. (WK7)

26. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(viii) Ethics – Understanding and level of practice (WA8)
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice. (WK7)

27. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(ix) Communication – Level of communication according to type of activities performed (WA10)
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

28. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(x) Individual and Team Work Role in and
diversity of team (WA9)
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.

29. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(xi) Life-long Learning – Preparation for and
depth of continuing learning (WA12)
Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

30. (GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)
(xii) Project Management & Finance – Level of management required for differing types of activity (WA11)
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and economic decision-making and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

31. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTE PROFILES
(Programme Outcomes)
- Differentiation among Accords

32. Engineering Knowledge
Differentiation
Characteristic
WASHINGTON
ACCORD (WA)
SYDNEY
ACCORD (SA)
DUBLIN
ACCORD (DA)
Breadth and depth of education and type of
knowledge, both theoretical and practical
Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems
Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to defined and applied engineering procedures, processes, systems or methodologies
Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to wide practical procedures and practices

33. Problem Analysis Differentiation Characteristic WA SA DA
Complexity of analysis
Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and
engineering sciences
Identify, formulate, research literature and solve broadly- defined engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using analytical tools appropriate to
their discipline or area of specialisation
Identify and solve well-defined engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using codified methods
of analysis specific to their field of activity

34. Design/ development of SolutionsWA SA DA
Differentiation
Characteristic
Breadth and uniqueness of engineering problems
i.e. the extent to which
problems are original
and to which
solutions
have previously
been identified or codified
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components
or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
Design solutions for broadly- defined engineering technology problems and contribute to the
design of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and
Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with
the design of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental

35. Investigation Differentiation WA Characteristic SA DA
Breadth and Conduct
depth of investigations of investigation and complex experimentation problems using
research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions
Conduct investigations of broadly-defined problems; locate, search and select relevant data from codes, data bases and literature, design and conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions
Conduct investigations of well-defined problems; locate
and search relevant codes and catalogues,
conduct standard tests and measurements

36. Modern Tool Usage Characteristic to complex engineering
Differentiation
Characteristic WA SA DA
Level of understanding of the appropriateness of the tool
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling,
to complex
engineering
activities, with
an understanding
of the limitations
Select and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to broadly defined engineering activities, with
an understanding
of the limitations
Apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools
to well-defined engineering activities, with an awareness
of the limitations

37. The Engineer and Society
Differentiation WA
Characteristic SA DA
Level of Apply reasoning
knowledge informed by
and responsibility contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice.
Demonstrate understanding of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technology practice
Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice

38. Environment and Sustainability
Differentiation
Characteristic WA SA DA
Type of solutions
Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development
Understand the impact of engineering technology solutions in a societal and environment contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development
Understand the impact of engineering technician solutions in a societal and environment contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development

39. Ethics Differentiation WA Characteristic SA DA
Understanding Apply ethical and level of principles and practice commit to
professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice
Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering technology practice
Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of technician practice

40. Communication Differentiation Characteristic WA SA DA
Level of communication according to type of
activities
performed
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
Communicate effectively on broadly-defined engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, by being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
Communicate effectively on well-defined engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, by being able to comprehend the work of others, document their own work, and give and receive clear instructions

41. Individual and Teamwork
Differentiation
Characteristic WA SA DA
Role in and diversity
of team
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multi-disciplinary
settings.
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse technical teams.
Function effectively as an individual,
and as a member in diverse technical
teams.

42. Life-long Learning Differentiation Characteristic WA SA DA
Preparation for and depth of continuing learning
Recognise the need for, and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change
Recognise the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent and life-long learning
in specialist
technologies
Recognise the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent updating in the context of specialised technical knowledge

43. Project Management and Finance
Differentiation WA
Characteristic SA DA
Level of Demonstrate management knowledge and required for understanding of differing engineering and types of activity management
principles and economic decision-making and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team and to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a technical team and to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments

44. THANK YOU
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