1. Mudasser Naseer 1 5/1/2015 CSC 201: Design and Analysis of Algorithms Lecture # 9 Linear-Time Sorting Continued

2. Mudasser Naseer 2 5/1/2015 Review: Comparison Sorts ● Comparison sorts: O(n lg n) at best ■ Model sort with decision tree ■ Path down tree = execution trace of algorithm ■ Leaves of tree = possible permutations of input ■ Tree must have n! leaves, so O(n lg n) height

3. Mudasser Naseer 3 5/1/2015 Review: Counting Sort ● Counting sort: ■ Assumption: input is in the range 1..k ■ Basic idea: ○ Count number of elements k  each element i ○ Use that number to place i in position k of sorted array ■ No comparisons! Runs in time O(n + k) ■ Stable sort ■ Does not sort in place: ○ O(n) array to hold sorted output ○ O(k) array for scratch storage

4. Mudasser Naseer 4 5/1/2015 Summary: Radix Sort ● Radix sort: ■ Assumption: input has d digits ranging from 0 to k ■ Basic idea: ○ Sort elements by digit starting with least significant ○ Use a stable sort (like counting sort) for each stage ■ Each pass over n numbers with d digits takes time O(n+k), so total time O(dn+dk) ○ When d is constant and k=O(n), takes O(n) time ■ Fast! Stable! Simple! ■ Doesn’t sort in place

5. Mudasser Naseer 5 5/1/2015 Bucket Sort ● Bucket sort ■ Assumption: input is n reals from [0, 1) ■ Basic idea: ○ Create n linked lists (buckets) to divide interval [0,1) into subintervals of size 1/n ○ Add each input element to appropriate bucket and sort buckets with insertion sort ■ Uniform input distribution  O(1) bucket size ○ Therefore the expected total time is O(n) ■ These ideas will return when we study hash tables

6. Bucket Sort BUCKET-SORT(A) 1 n ← length[A] 2 for i ← 1 to n 3 do insert A[i ] into list B[  nA[i ]  ] 4 for i ← 0 to n − 1 5 do sort list B[i ] with insertion sort 6 concatenate the lists B[0], B[1],..., B[n − 1] together in order Mudasser Naseer 6 5/1/2015

7. Mudasser Naseer 7 5/1/2015

8. ● Correctness: Consider A[i ], A[ j ]. Assume without loss of generality that ● A[i ] ≤ A[ j ]. Then n · A[i ] ≤ n · A[ j ]. So A[i ] is placed into the same bucket as A[ j ] or into a bucket with a lower index. ■ If same bucket, insertion sort fixes up. ■ If earlier bucket, concatenation of lists fixes up. Mudasser Naseer 8 5/1/2015

9. Bucket Sort - Complexity ● All lines of algorithm except insertion sorting take  (n) altogether. ● We “expect” each bucket to have few elements, since the average is 1 element per bucket. ● Intuitively, if each bucket gets a constant number of elements, it takes O(1) time to sort each bucket ⇒ O(n) sort time for all buckets. ● But we need to do a careful analysis. Mudasser Naseer 9 5/1/2015

10. Bucket Sort - Complexity Define a random variable: n i = the number of elements placed in bucket B[i ]. Because insertion sort runs in quadratic time, bucket sort time is T (n) =  (n) + Take expectations of both sides E[T (n)] = Mudasser Naseer 10 5/1/2015

11. Bucket Sort - Complexity Where for i=0, 1, …., n-1 Mudasser Naseer 11 5/1/2015

12. Bucket Sort - Complexity Therefore: Mudasser Naseer 12 5/1/2015

13. Bucket Sort ● Again, not a comparison sort. Used a function of key values to index into an array. ● This is a probabilistic analysis - we used probability to analyze an algorithm whose running time depends on the distribution of inputs. ● With bucket sort, if the input isn’t drawn from a uniform distribution on [0, 1), all bets are off (performance-wise, but the algorithm is still correct). Mudasser Naseer 13 5/1/2015